Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome.There are three main types of autophagy in mammalian cells: macroautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), and microautophagy. While CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosome, macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes—de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles—and then transports it to the lysosome. Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly.
The most well-studied form of autophagy, macroautophagy, is low-level and occurs by default. However, under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy deprivation, it can also be further induced. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), a crucial protein degradation pathway, collaborates with stress-induced macrophagy to play a significant role in protein catabolism.
As the research went on, it was discovered that autophagy plays a crucial role in the catabolism of a variety of cellular components, including protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complexes (Ferritinophagy), and carbohydrates. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).
Numerous human pathologies, such as aging, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease, and metabolic diseases like diabetes, are linked to autophagy and its dysfunction. Numerous prescription medications and herbal remedies affect autophagy through various signaling pathways. Small molecules that control autophagy appear to have a great deal of promise for treating these diseases in animal models or in clinical settings.
| Structure | Cat No. | Product Name | CAS No. | Product Description |
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V2272 | Azithromycin (CP 62993) | 83905-01-5 | Azithromycin (also known as CP-62993; XZ-450)is an macrolideantibiotic which acts by inhibiting protein synthesis, and isused for the treatment of bacterial infections. |
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V52765 | Azithromycin-d3 (azithromycin 13C-d3) | 163921-65-1 | Azithromycin-d3 is the deuterated form of Azithromycin. |
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V55035 | Beclin1-ATG14L interaction inhibitor 1 | 1243063-73-1 | Beclin1-ATG14L interaction inhibitor 1 (com 19) is a selective Beclin1-ATG14L interaction inhibitor. |
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V52350 | Belinostat (Belinostat; PXD101; PX105684) | 866323-14-0 | Belinostat (PXD101; PX105684) is a potent HDAC inhibitor (antagonist) with IC50 of 27 nM in HeLa cell extracts. |
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V1981 | Bergenin (Cuscutin) | 477-90-7 | Bergenin(Cuscutin) is a natural isocoumarin found in various medicinal plants. |
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V56510 | Bicalutamide-d4 (bicalutamide d4) | 1185035-71-5 | Bicalutamide-d4 is the deuterated form of Bicalutamide. |
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V52325 | BRD5631 | 2446154-91-0 | BRD5631 is an autophagy enhancer that enhances autophagy through a pathway independent of mTOR. |
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V0160 | Brefeldin A (BFA) | 20350-15-6 | Brefeldin A (also known as BFA), afungal metabolite, is a potent macrocyclic lactone antibiotic and ATPase inhibitor for intracellularvesicle formation and protein transport (protein traffickingbetween the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus) with IC50 of 0.2 μM in HCT 116 cells. |
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V3993 | CA-5F | 1370032-19-1 | CA-5f (CA5f) is a novel and potent late-stage macroautophagy/autophagy inhibitor via inhibiting autophagosome-lysosome fusion with anti-tumor activity. |
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V2452 | CA77.1 | 2412270-22-3 | CA77.1 is a potent, brain-penetrating and orally bioactive activator of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) that displays good pharmacokinetics. |
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V10500 | Cabazitaxel-d6 (TXD 258) | 1383561-29-2 | Cabazitaxel-d6 is a deuterate form of cabazitaxel. |
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V56521 | Cabergoline-d5 (FCE-21336-d5) | 1426173-20-7 | Cabergoline-d5 is the deuterium labelled form of Cabergoline. |
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V34789 | Calmidazolium chloride (R 24571) | 57265-65-3 | Calmidazolium chloride (R 24571) is a calmodulin antagonist that antagonizes CaM-dependent phosphodiesterase and calmodulin-induced activation of erythrocyte Ca2+ transport ATPase with IC50 of 0.15 and 0.35 μM, respectively. |
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V1646 | Carbamazepine (CBZ; NSC 169864) | 298-46-4 | Carbamazepine (formerly also known as CBZ, NSC-169864, Carbatrol; Tegretol, Epitol),an approved anticonvulsant drug, is a potent sodium channel blocker with IC50 of 131 μM in rat brain synaptosomes. |
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V56487 | Carbamazepine-d2 (CBZ-d2; NSC 169864-d2) | 1189902-21-3 | Carbamazepine-d2 is the deuterated form of Carbamazepine. |
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V55029 | Carbamazepine-d8 (CBZ-d8; NSC 169864-d8) | 1538624-35-9 | Carbamazepine-d8 is deuterated labeled Carbamazepine. |
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V56512 | Carvedilol-d3 (carvedilol d3) | 1020719-25-8 | Carvedilol-d3 is the deuterium labelled form of Carvedilol. |
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V56504 | Carvedilol-d4 (BM 14190-d4) | 1133705-56-2 | Carvedilol-d4 is the deuterium labelled form of Carvedilol. |
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V55041 | Ch55-O-C3-NH2 (RAR ligand 1) | 144298-98-6 | Ch55-O-C3-NH2 (RAR ligand 1) is a Ch 55-based ligand targeting RAR. |
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V52256 | Chlorpromazine | 50-53-3 | Chlorpromazine is an orally bioactive antipsychotic agent that can penetrate the BBB (blood-brain barrier). |
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