Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome.There are three main types of autophagy in mammalian cells: macroautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), and microautophagy. While CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosome, macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes—de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles—and then transports it to the lysosome. Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly.
The most well-studied form of autophagy, macroautophagy, is low-level and occurs by default. However, under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy deprivation, it can also be further induced. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), a crucial protein degradation pathway, collaborates with stress-induced macrophagy to play a significant role in protein catabolism.
As the research went on, it was discovered that autophagy plays a crucial role in the catabolism of a variety of cellular components, including protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complexes (Ferritinophagy), and carbohydrates. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).
Numerous human pathologies, such as aging, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease, and metabolic diseases like diabetes, are linked to autophagy and its dysfunction. Numerous prescription medications and herbal remedies affect autophagy through various signaling pathways. Small molecules that control autophagy appear to have a great deal of promise for treating these diseases in animal models or in clinical settings.
| Structure | Cat No. | Product Name | CAS No. | Product Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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V34668 | TFEB activator 1 | 39777-61-2 | TFEB activator 1 is a potent, orally bioactive, and mTOR-independent activator of TFEB with neuroprotective effects. |
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V35200 | Thonningianin B (Thonningianin B) | 271579-12-5 | Thonningianin B is an antioxidant and autophagy enhancer. |
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V34738 | Tigecycline hydrate (GAR-936 hydrate) | 1229002-07-6 | Tigecycline (GAR-936) hydrate is a broad-spectrum glycylcycline antibiotic. |
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V56360 | Tizoxanide-d4 (Tizoxanide d4) | 1246817-56-0 | Tizoxanide-d4 is the deuterated form of Tizoxanide. |
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V56466 | Tolbutamide-d9 (Tolbutamide d9) | 1219794-57-6 | Tolbutamide-d9 is the deuterated form of Tolbutamide. |
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V56534 | Tolvaptan-d7 (Tolvaptan d7) | 1246818-18-7 | Tolvaptan-d7 is the deuterated form of Tolvaptan. |
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V56479 | Topotecan-d6 | 1044904-10-0 | Topotecan-d6 is the deuterium labelled form of Topotecan. |
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V56327 | Triclosan-d3 (Triclosan d3) | 1020719-98-5 | Triclosan-d3 is the deuterium labelled form of Triclosan. |
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V2537 | TRIFLUOPERAZINE 2HCL (TFP; SKF5019) | 440-17-5 | Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride (TFP; SKF5019), a typical phenothiazine class of antipsychotic mainly used to treat schizophrenia, is a dopamine D2 receptor inhibitor with IC50 of 1.1 NM. |
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V35167 | Trimetazidine | 5011-34-7 | Trimetazidine is a selective long-chain 3-ketoyl coenzyme A thiolase inhibitor (antagonist) with IC50 of 75 nM that can inhibit the beta-oxidation of free fatty acids. |
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V56470 | Trimetazidine-d8 dihydrochloride (trimetazidine d8 dihydrochloride) | 1219795-37-5 | Trimetazidine-d8 (di-HCl) is the deuterated form of Trimetazidine di-HCl. |
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V3141 | Valproic acid | 99-66-1 | Valproic acid is anHDAC (Histone deacetylase)inhibitor used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder and prevention of migraine headaches. |
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V56502 | Vemurafenib-d5 (vemurafenib d5) | 1365986-90-8 | Vemurafenib-d5 is the deuterated form of Vemurafenib. |
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V29535 | Vinorelbine (KW-2307) | 71486-22-1 | Vinorelbine (KW-2307; Nor-5-anhydrovinblastine) is a potent antimitotic agent anda semisynthetic vinca alkaloid derived from the leaves of the periwinkle plant (Vinca rosea)used for thetreatment for some types of cancer, including breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. |
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V55030 | VISTA-IN-2 | 2614183-36-5 | VISTA-IN-2 (Compound 1) is an inhibitor (blocker/antagonist) of V-domain Ig inhibitor of T cell activation (VISTA). |
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V28017 | Vitexin | 3681-93-4 | Vitexin is a novel and potent apigenin flavone glucoside found in plants i. |
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V8016 | Wogonoside | 51059-44-0 | Wogonoside is a flavonoid glycoside compound extracted from skullcap that has anti~inflammatory effects. |
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V41181 | XRK3F2 | 2375193-43-2 | XRK3F2 is an inhibitor (blocker/antagonist) of the p62 (Sequestosome-1)-ZZ domain. |
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V35102 | Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (Physalien) | 144-67-2 | Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (Physalien) is a wolfberry-derived carotenoid with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant stress effects. |
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V35010 | Zingiberene (α-Zingiberene; (-)-Zingiberene) | 495-60-3 | Zingiberene (α-Zingiberene) is a monocyclic sesquiterpene and is the major component of ginger oil. |
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