Phosphatases are enzyme that remove a phosphate group from a protein.PTPs (protein tyrosine phosphatases) are a large family of cytoplasmic and transmembrane enzymes. PTPs are crucial in maintaining the integrity of cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts as well as controlling the proliferative activity of cells. PTP1B, a non-receptor PTP, is frequently found in the endoplasmic reticulum and in vesicles that are close to the plasma membrane. PTP1B has been a popular therapeutic target for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity due to its important role as a negative regulator of leptin receptor pathways. Animal cell cytoplasm contains four major serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatase catalytic subunits. While PP2C seems to be different from the other two, PP1, PP2A, and PP2B, all three of these enzymes are members of the same gene family. A diverse group of enzymes known as alkaline phosphatases is found in abundance in mammalian cells. Following the general equation, acid phosphatase enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate monoesters.
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