G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) known as P2Y receptors are activated by the extracellular nucleotides ATP, UTP, and UDP. Mammalian P2Y receptors come in eight different subtypes: P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14. The P2Y receptors play significant roles in physiology and pathophysiology, including inflammatory reactions and neuropathic pain, and are expressed in a variety of cell types.
The P2Y family can be further divided into two subfamilies: P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14Rs ("P2Y12-like"), which inhibit adenylate cyclase through Gi protein, and P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, and P2Y11Rs ("P2Y1-like"), which stimulate phospholipase C (PLC) through Gq protein. Other effector pathways have also been identified, such as the coupling of the P2Y11R to Gs and Gq in some cells to stimulate the production of cyclic AMP.
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