Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome.There are three main types of autophagy in mammalian cells: macroautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), and microautophagy. While CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosome, macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes—de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles—and then transports it to the lysosome. Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly.
The most well-studied form of autophagy, macroautophagy, is low-level and occurs by default. However, under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy deprivation, it can also be further induced. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), a crucial protein degradation pathway, collaborates with stress-induced macrophagy to play a significant role in protein catabolism.
As the research went on, it was discovered that autophagy plays a crucial role in the catabolism of a variety of cellular components, including protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complexes (Ferritinophagy), and carbohydrates. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).
Numerous human pathologies, such as aging, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease, and metabolic diseases like diabetes, are linked to autophagy and its dysfunction. Numerous prescription medications and herbal remedies affect autophagy through various signaling pathways. Small molecules that control autophagy appear to have a great deal of promise for treating these diseases in animal models or in clinical settings.
| Structure | Cat No. | Product Name | CAS No. | Product Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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V56480 | Ambroxol-d5 hydrochloride (NA-872-d5 hydrochloride) | 2741380-71-0 | Ambroxol-d5 ( HCl) is the deuterium labelled form of Ambroxol HCl. |
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V9794 | Amiodarone | 1951-25-3 | Amiodarone (NSC 85442) is an antiarrhythmic agent that acts as asodium/potassium-ATPase inhibitor and an autophagy activator that is used to treat various types of cardiac dysrhythmias. |
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V56489 | Amiodarone-d10 hydrochloride | 1261393-77-4 | Amiodarone-d10 ( HCl) is the deuterated form of Amiodarone. |
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V56483 | Amiodarone-d4 hydrochloride | 1216715-80-8 | Amiodarone-d4 ( HCl) is the deuterated form of Amiodarone HCl. |
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V34790 | Ammonium chloride, AR, 99.5% (ammonium chloride) | 12125-02-9 | Ammonium chloride, as a heteropolar compound that regulates pH, can cause intracellular alkalization and metabolic acidosis, thereby affecting enzyme activity and affecting the processes of biological systems. |
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V53040 | Ammonium chloride-15N | 39466-62-1 | Ammonium chloride-15N is 15N labeled Ammonium chloride. |
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V56500 | Apatinib-d8 free base (YN968D1-d8 free base) | 2468771-43-7 | Apatinib-d8 (free base) is the deuterium labelled form of Apatinib free base. |
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V3991 | AS1842856 | 836620-48-5 | AS1842856 is a novel potent, orally active and cell-permeablesmall-molecule inhibitor of Foxo1 (forkhead transcription factor forkhead box O1)with anIC50of 30 nM. |
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V56291 | ATG7-IN-1 | 2226229-87-2 | ATG7-IN-1 is a potent and specific inhibitor of ATG7 (IC50 = 62 nM). |
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V11849 | Atorvastatin | 134523-00-5 | Atorvastatin (CI-981; CI981;Tozalip; Torvast; Cardyl; liptonorm) is an approved blockbuster drug of the statin class used as an LDL cholesterol-lowering/hypolipidemic medication. |
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V56481 | Atorvastatin-d5 hemicalcium (Atorvastatin d5 (1/2 calcium salt)) | 222412-82-0 | Atorvastatin-d5 (hemicalcium) is the deuterated form of Atorvastatin. |
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V56485 | Atorvastatin-d5 sodium (Atorvastatin d5 (sodium salt)) | 222412-87-5 | Atorvastatin-d5 (sodium) is the deuterated form of Atorvastatin sodium. |
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V52374 | AUTAC1 | 2241669-09-8 | AUTAC1 is a MetAP2-targeted autophagy-mediated degradative body (AUTAC). |
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V52375 | AUTAC2 | 2241669-08-7 | AUTAC2 is an FKBP12-targeted autophagy-mediated degradative body (AUTAC). |
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V52373 | AUTAC4 | 2267315-04-6 | AUTAC4 is an autophagy-targeting chimera (AUTAC) that targets mitochondria. |
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V53250 | Autogramin-1 | 2375541-73-2 | Autogramin-1 effectively inhibits starvation-induced autophagy with IC50 of 0.17 μM. |
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V53112 | Autogramin-2 | 2375541-45-8 | Autogramin-2 effectively inhibits autophagy induced by starvation with IC50 of 0.27 μM. |
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V56507 | Autophagy-IN-C1 | 1494665-31-4 | Autophagy-IN-C1 not only causes apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells but also blocks autophagy. |
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V3224 | Autophinib | 1644443-47-9 | Autophinib is a novel and potent autophagy inhibitor, which inhibits starvation-induced or rapamyc induced autophagy. |
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V52370 | AZ304 | 942507-42-8 | AZ304 is a dual BRAF inhibitor that effectively inhibits wild-type BRAF, mutant BRAF (V600E) and wild-type CRAF with IC50s of 79 nM, 38 nM and 68 nM respectively. |
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