The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; ErbB1) is a member of the epidermal growth factor RTK (receptor tyrosine kinases) family, which also includes HER2/neu (ErbB2), ErbB3 (HER3), and ErbB4 (HER4). The extracellular ligand-binding ectodomain, the single chain transmembrane domain, and the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain make up the EGFR, which is located at the cell surface. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor (TGF-), amphiregulin, heparin-binding EGF, and betacellulin are just a few of the ligands that bind to and activate the EGFR.
The tyrosine kinase domain is activated by the receptors' formation of homo- or heterodimeric complexes after ligand binding. The Ras-Raf-MAP kinase, PI-3K/Akt, PKC, and Stat/Jak signaling pathways are all activated as a result of the dimerization and autophosphorylation of EGFR. The EGFR is activated to control cellular survival, differentiation, and proliferation. The EGFR has been derided as a proto-oncogene primarily because of its function in encouraging cell proliferation and preventing apoptosis.
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