The entire mammalian body expresses a special class of binding sites known as sigma receptors (subtypes sigma-1 and sigma-2). Although the endogenous ligand for these sites has not been discovered, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, sphingolipid-derived amines, and steroid hormones—especially progesterone—can bind with a fair amount of affinity.
The sigma-1 receptor (1R) is a chaperone protein that resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and functions as a modulator of inter-organelle signaling. Numerous biological processes, such as nociception, cancer, stroke, memory, drug addiction, cardiac activity, and Alzheimer's disease, are affected by it. Numerous human tumors have an overexpression of the sigma-2 (2R) receptor. It has been proven to be a reliable biomarker for spreading tumors.
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