Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome.There are three main types of autophagy in mammalian cells: macroautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), and microautophagy. While CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosome, macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes—de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles—and then transports it to the lysosome. Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly.
The most well-studied form of autophagy, macroautophagy, is low-level and occurs by default. However, under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy deprivation, it can also be further induced. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), a crucial protein degradation pathway, collaborates with stress-induced macrophagy to play a significant role in protein catabolism.
As the research went on, it was discovered that autophagy plays a crucial role in the catabolism of a variety of cellular components, including protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complexes (Ferritinophagy), and carbohydrates. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).
Numerous human pathologies, such as aging, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease, and metabolic diseases like diabetes, are linked to autophagy and its dysfunction. Numerous prescription medications and herbal remedies affect autophagy through various signaling pathways. Small molecules that control autophagy appear to have a great deal of promise for treating these diseases in animal models or in clinical settings.
| Structure | Cat No. | Product Name | CAS No. | Product Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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V56293 | SH379 | 2511665-40-8 | SH379 is an analogue of 2-methylpyrimidine-fused tricyclic diterpene. |
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V55031 | SH498 | 2125724-38-9 | SH498 is a novel Bmi-1-mediated anti-tumor agent that displays potent anti-proliferation activity. |
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V56524 | Sitagliptin-d4 phosphate (Sitagliptin-d4 phosphate) | 1432063-88-1 | Sitagliptin-d4 (phosphate) is the deuterated form of Sitagliptin phosphate. |
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V35811 | SLLN-15 | 2403650-93-9 | SLLN-15 is an orally bioavailable, selective, and potent autophagy enhancer that can activate autophagy in triple-negative breast cancer/tumor cells. |
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V3278 | SMER28 | 307538-42-7 | SMER28 is a small molecule activator (enhancer/modulator) ofautophagythat acts via an mTOR-independent mechanism. |
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V2014 | Sophocarpine monohydrate | 145572-44-7 | Sophocarpinemonohydrate, a major and naturally occuring ingredient found in Sophora alopecuroides, has a wide range of pharmacological effects. |
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V2534 | SPAUTIN-1 | 1262888-28-7 | Spautin-1 is a specific autophagy inhibitor which inhibits the deubiquitinating activity of USP10 and USP13 with IC50 of ∼0.6-0.7 μM. |
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V4068 | SR9009 | 1379686-30-2 | SR9009 (SR-9009; Stenabolic) is a novel and potentsynthetic REV-ERBα/βagonist with the potential to be used for sleep disorders. |
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V35020 | SRT 1720 dihydrochloride | 2468639-77-0 | SRT 1720 di-HCl is a selective and orally bioactive SIRT1 activator with EC50 of 0.10 μM and a weak effect on SIRT2 and SIRT3. |
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V2499 | STF-62247 | 315702-99-9 | STF-62247 is a novel potent TGN (trans-Golgi network) inhibitor with IC50 of 0.625μM and 16μM in RCC4 and RCC4/VHL cells, respectively. |
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V35249 | STK683963 | 370073-65-7 | STK683963 is a strong activator of cellular ATG4B activity. |
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V2535 | SULFACETAMIDE SODIUM | 127-56-0 | Sulfacetamide Sodium is an anti-biotic /anti-infective agent used topically to treat skin infections and orally for UTIs - urinary tract infections. |
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V7433 | Syringin | 118-34-3 | Syringin is the main bioactive phenolic glycoside in Acanthopanax senticosus and has anti-osteoporotic effects. |
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V1742 | Tamoxifen | 10540-29-1 | Tamoxifen (ICI-46474; NSC-180973; Nolvadex; Novaldex) is a potent and selective estrogen receptor modulator(SERM) with potential antitumor activity. |
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V1722 | Tamoxifen Citrate | 54965-24-1 | Tamoxifen Citrate (ICI-46474, NSC-180973; Nolvadex, Novaldex), the citrate salt of ICI-46474, is a selective estrogen receptor modulator(SERM) with potent antitumor activity. |
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V56473 | Telmisartan-d3 (Telmisartan d3) | 1189889-44-8 | Telmisartan-d3 is the deuterated form of Telmisartan. |
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V2536 | TEMOZOLOMIDE (TMZ; NSC 362856) | 85622-93-1 | Temozolomide (Methazolastone; CCRG81045; NSC 362856; SCH 52365; MB39831; and RP46161) is an orally bioavailable and brain penetrant DNA alkylating agent / damage inducer used as an anticancer drug. |
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V56495 | Tempol-d17 (4-Hydroxy-TEMPO-d17) | 100326-46-3 | Tempol-d17 is the deuterium labelled form of Tempol. |
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V56528 | Tempol-d17,15N (4-Hydroxy-TEMPO-d17,15N) | 90429-66-6 | Tempol-d17,15N is a superoxide dismutase (SOD) analog that effectively neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS). |
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V51929 | Tezacaftor-d4 (VX-661-d4) | 1961280-24-9 | Tezacaftor-d4 (VX-661-d4) is a deuterium labelled form of Tezacaftor , an F508del CFTR syndrome. |
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