Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome.There are three main types of autophagy in mammalian cells: macroautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), and microautophagy. While CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosome, macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes—de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles—and then transports it to the lysosome. Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly.
The most well-studied form of autophagy, macroautophagy, is low-level and occurs by default. However, under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy deprivation, it can also be further induced. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), a crucial protein degradation pathway, collaborates with stress-induced macrophagy to play a significant role in protein catabolism.
As the research went on, it was discovered that autophagy plays a crucial role in the catabolism of a variety of cellular components, including protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complexes (Ferritinophagy), and carbohydrates. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).
Numerous human pathologies, such as aging, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease, and metabolic diseases like diabetes, are linked to autophagy and its dysfunction. Numerous prescription medications and herbal remedies affect autophagy through various signaling pathways. Small molecules that control autophagy appear to have a great deal of promise for treating these diseases in animal models or in clinical settings.
| Structure | Cat No. | Product Name | CAS No. | Product Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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V52815 | Indomethacin-d4 Methyl Ester (indomethacin methyl ester d4) | 1217064-61-3 | Indomethacin-d4 Methyl Ester is the deuterated form of Indomethacin. |
|
V55032 | Irinotecan-d10 ((+)-Irinotecan-d10; CPT-11-d10; VAL-413-d10) | 718613-28-6 | Irinotecan-d10 is the deuterium labelled form of Irinotecan ((+)-Irinotecan). |
|
V56477 | Irinotecan-d10 hydrochloride | 718612-62-5 | Irinotecan-d10 ( HCl) is the deuterium labelled form of Irinotecan. |
|
V51933 | Isodunnianol | 139726-30-0 | Isodunnianol is an autophagy inducer. |
|
V52783 | Isoniazid-d4 (INH-d4; Isonicotinic acid hydrazide-d4; Isonicotinic hydrazide-d4) | 774596-24-6 | Isoniazid-d4 is the deuterium labelled form of Isoniazid. |
|
V30915 | Isorhapontigenin | 32507-66-7 | Isorhapontigenin is a novel and potent dietary polyphenol isolated from Gnetum cleistostachyum. |
|
V56492 | Isradipine-d3 (Isradipine d3) | 1189959-59-8 | Isradipine-d3 is the deuterium labelled form of Isradipine. |
|
V56498 | Isradipine-d6 (PN 200-110-d6) | 1261398-97-3 | Isradipine-d6 is the deuterium labelled form of Isradipine. |
|
V53491 | Itraconazole-d3 (R51211-d3) | 1217512-35-0 | Itraconazole-d3 is the deuterium labelled form of itraconazole. |
|
V52798 | Itraconazole-d5 (R51211-d5) | 1217510-38-7 | Itraconazole-d5 is the deuterium labelled form of Itraconazole. |
|
V56318 | Itraconazole-d9 (R51211-d9) | 1309272-50-1 | Itraconazole-d9 is the deuterated form of Itraconazole. |
|
V56494 | Ivacaftor-d18 (Ivacaftor-d18; VX-770-d18) | 1413431-05-6 | Ivacaftor-d18 is the deuterium labelled form of Ivacaftor. |
|
V52528 | Ivacaftor-d19 (VX-770-d19) | 1413431-22-7 | Ivacaftor-d9 is a potent CFTR modulator with EC50 of 255 nM for CFTR enhancement in G551D/F508del HBE cells. |
|
V55045 | JH-XII-03-02 | 2415900-86-4 | JH-XII-03-02 is an effective and selective LRRK2 PROTAC protein degrader. |
|
V32814 | KAN0438757 | 1451255-59-6 | KAN0438757 is a potent and specific inhibitor of the metabolic kinase PFKFB3 with IC50 of 0.19 μM. |
|
V56499 | Lamotrigine-13C2,15N | 2483830-10-8 | Lamotrigine-13C2,15N is 13C (carbon 13) and 15N (nitrogen 15) labelled Lamotrigine. |
|
V52533 | Lamotrigine-13C3 (LTG-13C3; BW430C-13C3) | 1188265-38-4 | Lamotrigine-13C3 is the 13C marker of Lamotrigine. |
|
V56523 | Lamotrigine-13C3,d3 (LTG-13C3,d3; BW430C-13C3,d3) | 1246815-13-3 | Lamotrigine-13C3,d3 is a 13C (carbon 13)-labeled Lamotrigine. |
|
V56496 | Lamotrigine-d3 (LTG-d3; BW430C-d3) | 1132746-94-1 | Lamotrigine-d3 is the deuterated form of Lamotrigine. |
|
V5718 | Lanatoside C | 17575-22-3 | Lanatoside C is a cardiac glycoside that may be utilized to study congestive heart failure and arrhythmias. |
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