Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome.There are three main types of autophagy in mammalian cells: macroautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), and microautophagy. While CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosome, macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes—de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles—and then transports it to the lysosome. Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly.
The most well-studied form of autophagy, macroautophagy, is low-level and occurs by default. However, under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy deprivation, it can also be further induced. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), a crucial protein degradation pathway, collaborates with stress-induced macrophagy to play a significant role in protein catabolism.
As the research went on, it was discovered that autophagy plays a crucial role in the catabolism of a variety of cellular components, including protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complexes (Ferritinophagy), and carbohydrates. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).
Numerous human pathologies, such as aging, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease, and metabolic diseases like diabetes, are linked to autophagy and its dysfunction. Numerous prescription medications and herbal remedies affect autophagy through various signaling pathways. Small molecules that control autophagy appear to have a great deal of promise for treating these diseases in animal models or in clinical settings.
| Structure | Cat No. | Product Name | CAS No. | Product Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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V52621 | Pentoxifylline-d6 (BL-191-d6; PTX-d6; Oxpentifylline-d6) | 1185878-98-1 | Pentoxifylline-d6 is the deuterium labelled form of Pentoxifylline. |
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V41012 | PF-06455943 | 1527474-15-2 | PF-06455943 is a leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor (antagonist) with IC50 of 3 nM. |
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V41009 | PHY34 | 2130033-55-3 | PHY34 is an inhibitor that can suppress ATP6V0A2 and CAS, thereby inhibiting autophagy, and has a nanomolar effect. |
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V56537 | Pravastatin-d3 sodium | 1329836-90-9 | Pravastatin-d3 (sodium) is the deuterated form of Pravastatin sodium salt. |
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V5435 | Pterostilbene | 537-42-8 | Pterostilbene is a naturally occuring stilbenoidisolated from blueberries and Pterocarpus marsupium withanti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic and anti-obesity activities. |
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V52680 | Pyriproxyfen-d4 (pyriproxyfen-d4; pyriproxyfen-d4) | 2446366-95-4 | Pyriproxyfen-d4 is the deuterated form of Pyriproxyfen. |
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V52679 | Pyriproxyfen-d6 (S-31183-d6) | 2673269-99-1 | Pyriproxyfen-d6 is the deuterated form of Pyriproxyfen. |
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V55033 | QW24 | 2416312-06-4 | QW24 exerts potent anticancer effect by downregulating BMI-1 and is used as an effective investigational agent in clinical colorectal cancer studies. |
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V4038 | QX77 | 1798331-92-6 | QX77 is a novel and potent chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) activator. |
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V56533 | Ranolazine-d8 dihydrochloride (CVT 303-dd8 dihydrochloride; RS 43285-d8) | 1219802-60-4 | Ranolazine-d8 (di-HCl) is the deuterium labelled form of Ranolazine di-HCl. |
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V52665 | rel-Paroxetine-d4 hydrochloride | 1217683-35-6 | rel-Paroxetine-d4 ( HCl) is an isotopically labeled Paroxetine HCl . |
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V56199 | Reserpine-d9 (reserpine d9) | 84759-11-5 | Reserpine-d9 is the deuterium labelled form of Reserpine. |
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V2015 | Rheic Acid (Rhein; Monorhein) | 478-43-3 | Rhein (also known as Monorhein; NSC 38629; Rheic acid; Rheinic acid) is a naturally occuring anthraquinone compound isolated from the fresh rhizome of Rheum coreanum Nakai, showing anti-inflammation and antitumor activities. |
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V13944 | ROC-325 | 1859141-26-6 | ROC-325 is a novel, potent and orally bioactiveautophagy inhibitor with potent anticancer activity. |
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V55036 | Rosuvastatin-d3 (ZD 4522 d3) | 1133429-16-9 | Rosuvastatin-d3 is a deuterated form of rosuvastatin. |
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V55028 | Rupatadine-d4 fumarate (UR-12592 D4 (fumarate)) | 1795153-63-7 | Rupatadine-d4 (fumarate) is a deuterated marker of Rupatadine fumarate. |
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V28990 | S29434 | 874484-20-5 | S29434 (NMDPEF) is a potent, competitive, selective and cell membrane-permeable inhibitor of quinone reductase 2 (QR2), with IC50s ranging from 5 to 16 nM for human QR2 at different organizational levels, and has good selectivity for QR2 over QR1. |
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V2533 | SBI-0206965 | 1884220-36-3 | SBI-0206965 is a cell permeable and selective autophagy kinase ULK1 inhibitor with IC50 of 108 nM, it is about 7-fold selectivity over ULK2. |
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V14538 | Schizandrin | 7432-28-2 | Schisandrin (Schizandrin) is a biphenylcyclooctene lignan extracted from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis. |
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V56514 | Sertindole-d4 (sertindole d4) | 1794737-42-0 | Sertindole-d4 is the deuterium labelled form of Sertindole. |
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