Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome.There are three main types of autophagy in mammalian cells: macroautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), and microautophagy. While CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosome, macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes—de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles—and then transports it to the lysosome. Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly.
The most well-studied form of autophagy, macroautophagy, is low-level and occurs by default. However, under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy deprivation, it can also be further induced. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), a crucial protein degradation pathway, collaborates with stress-induced macrophagy to play a significant role in protein catabolism.
As the research went on, it was discovered that autophagy plays a crucial role in the catabolism of a variety of cellular components, including protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complexes (Ferritinophagy), and carbohydrates. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).
Numerous human pathologies, such as aging, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease, and metabolic diseases like diabetes, are linked to autophagy and its dysfunction. Numerous prescription medications and herbal remedies affect autophagy through various signaling pathways. Small molecules that control autophagy appear to have a great deal of promise for treating these diseases in animal models or in clinical settings.
| Structure | Cat No. | Product Name | CAS No. | Product Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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V51879 | LC3-mHTT-IN-AN2 | 7758-73-8 | LC3-mHTT-IN-AN2 (Compound AN2) is an mHTT-LC3 linker compound. |
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V8538 | Leonurine | 24697-74-3 | Leonurine is an alkaloid extracted from Motherwort and has antioxidant and anti~inflammatory activities. |
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V31232 | Leonurine hydrochloride | 24735-18-0 | Leonurine HCl is an alkaloid extracted from Leonurus artemisia and has antioxidant and anti~inflammatory activities. |
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V56482 | Letrozole-d4 (letrozole d4) | 1133712-96-5 | Letrozole-d4 is the deuterium labelled form of Letrozole. |
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V9242 | Liensinine | 2586-96-1 | Liensinine is an autophagy/mitophagy inhibitor. |
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V55044 | LRRK2-IN-10 | 2704562-80-9 | LRRK2-IN-10 (compound 34) is a potent, mutation-selective, brain-penetrating G2019S-LRRK2 kinase inhibitor (antagonist) with IC50s of 11 nM and 5.2 nM for G2019S-LRRK2 pS935 and G2019S-LRRK2 pS1292, respectively. |
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V51845 | LRRK2-IN-7 | 2307277-93-4 | LRRK2-IN-7 is a specific, CNS-permeable (penetrable) LRRK2 kinase inhibitor (antagonist) with IC50 of 0.9 nM. |
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V52714 | Lumefantrine-d9 (Benflumetol-d9) | 2477594-24-2 | Lumefantrine-d9 is the deuterium labelled form of Lumefantrine. |
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V51835 | LV-320 | 2449093-46-1 | LV-320 is a potent and noncompetitive ATG4B inhibitor (antagonist) with IC50 of 24.5 μM and a Kd of 16 μM. |
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V24748 | Lys05 trihydrochloride | 1391426-24-6 | Lys05, or Lys01 trihydrochloride, is a potent, water soluble lysosomal autophagy inhibitor. |
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V51818 | Malvidin-3-O-arabinoside chloride | 28500-04-1 | Malvidin-3-O-arabinoside chloride improves urethane-induced oxidative damage by stimulating Ampk-mediated autophagy. |
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V56531 | Maprotiline-d5 hydrochloride (Maprotiline d5 hydrochloride) | 1794942-12-3 | Maprotiline-d5 ( HCl) is the deuterated form of Maprotiline HCl. |
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V52647 | Megestrol acetate-d3 (Megestrol acetate-d3) | 162462-72-8 | Megestrol acetate-d3 is the deuterium labelled form of Megestrol acetate. |
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V56506 | Memantine-d6 hydrochloride (memantine d6 hydrochloride (hydrochloride)) | 1189713-18-5 | Memantine-d6 ( HCl) is the deuterated form of Memantine HCl. |
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V2532 | METFORMIN HCL | 1115-70-4 | Metformin HCl is a hypoglycemic medication used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). |
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V53110 | Metformin-d6 hydrochloride (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide-d6 (hydrochloride)) | 1185166-01-1 | Metformin-d6 ( HCl)e is a deuterated form of Metformin HCl. |
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V41190 | Mito-LND (Mito-Lonidamine) | 2361564-49-8 | Mito-LND (Mito-Lonidamine) is an orally bioactive inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) that targets mitochondria. |
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V56158 | MRT67307 dihydrochloride | 1781882-89-0 | MRT67307 di-HCl is a dual (bifunctional) inhibitor of IKKε and TBK-1 with IC50 of 160 and 19 nM respectively. |
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V55042 | MTK458 (EP-0035985) | 2499962-58-0 | Mitophagy activator 1 (Compound 16) is an activator of mitophagy (Mitophagy). |
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V41155 | mTOR inhibitor-8 | 2489196-70-3 | mTOR inhibitor-8 is an mTOR inhibitor and autophagy inducer. |
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