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| Targets |
The primary targets of Thonningianin B are not fully defined. It is known to act as an antioxidant and an autophagy enhancer. In BV-2 cells, it improves the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, indicating its role in promoting autophagy. Its antioxidant activity is attributed to its ability to scavenge free radicals, such as DPPH. Further studies are needed to identify its specific molecular targets.
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| ln Vitro |
For DPPH free radicals, tonningianin B has a potent scavenging action. Fully scavenge DPPH free radicals with thounningianin B solution at 34.5 μM. IC50 for Thonningianin B was 21 μM in an additional experiment [1]. An IC50 of 46.74 μM is observed for tonningianin B (0-100 μM; 24 h) in its inhibition of BV-2 cell viability[2]. The ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I and the average number of GFP-LC3 spots per cell in BV-2 cells were both considerably raised by thounningianin B (10 μM; 24 h) [2].
In vitro, Thonningianin B demonstrates strong scavenging action against the DPPH radical. A solution of Thonningianin B at 34.5 μM can fully scavenge DPPH free radicals. It also inhibits BV-2 cell viability and improves the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio in these cells, indicating its role as an autophagy enhancer. These activities suggest potential cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo data for Thonningianin B are limited. As a natural antioxidant and autophagy enhancer, it is expected to have potential benefits in conditions involving oxidative stress and impaired autophagy. However, specific in vivo studies have not been detailed in the available literature. Further research is needed to evaluate its efficacy and safety in animal models.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Specific in vitro enzyme/receptor binding assay protocols for Thonningianin B are not available. Its antioxidant activity is typically assessed using cell-free assays such as DPPH radical scavenging assays. These assays measure the compound's ability to neutralize free radicals. Autophagy enhancement is evaluated in cell-based assays by monitoring LC3-II/LC3-I ratios and autophagosome formation.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell Viability Assay[2]
Cell Types: BV-2 cells Tested Concentrations: 0-100 μM Incubation Duration: 24 h Experimental Results: Inhibited viability with an IC50 of 46.74 μM. Cell Autophagy Assay[2] Cell Types: BV-2 cells Tested Concentrations: 10 μM Incubation Duration: 24 h Experimental Results: Dramatically improved the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I and the average number of GFP- LC3 puncta per cell. Cellular assays for Thonningianin B are performed using BV-2 microglial cells. Cells are treated with the compound, and cell viability is assessed. The autophagy-enhancing activity is evaluated by measuring the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, a marker of autophagosome formation. DPPH radical scavenging assays are also conducted to confirm its antioxidant potential. |
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal protocols for Thonningianin B are not available in the literature. As a natural product with antioxidant and autophagy-enhancing properties, it would typically be evaluated in mouse models of oxidative stress or neurodegenerative diseases. However, such studies have not been reported. Further research is needed to explore its in vivo efficacy.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of Thonningianin B have not been characterized. As a polyphenolic compound, its oral bioavailability and systemic exposure may be limited. It is typically soluble in DMSO, pyridine, methanol, and ethanol. Further studies are needed to determine its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profile. The compound is intended for research use only.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity data for Thonningianin B are limited. It inhibits BV-2 cell viability, indicating some cytotoxic potential. Comprehensive toxicological studies have not been conducted. The compound is not approved for human use and is intended for research purposes only. Further safety evaluations are needed to assess its therapeutic potential.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
See also: Thonningianin B (note moved to).
Thonningianin B is a natural ellagitannin isolated from Thonningia sanguinea and Penthorum chinense Pursh. It is also known as赶黄草苷B. The compound exhibits antioxidant and autophagy-enhancing activities. It is not currently in clinical trials and is used primarily for research purposes to study oxidative stress and autophagy pathways. |
| Molecular Formula |
C35H30O17
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
722.602511882782
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| Exact Mass |
722.148
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| CAS # |
271579-12-5
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| PubChem CID |
511659
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| Appearance |
Light yellow to light brown solid powder
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| LogP |
2.7
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
10
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
17
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
6
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| Heavy Atom Count |
52
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| Complexity |
1250
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
OC1C(=C(O)C=C2C(OC3C(C(O)C(OC4C=C(O)C(C(=O)CCC5C=CC=CC=5)=C(O)C=4)OC3COC(=O)C3=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C3C=12)O)=O)O
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| InChi Key |
UJNCWORGHSATHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C35H30O17/c36-17(7-6-13-4-2-1-3-5-13)25-18(37)8-14(9-19(25)38)50-35-31(46)30(45)32-22(51-35)12-49-33(47)15-10-20(39)26(41)28(43)23(15)24-16(34(48)52-32)11-21(40)27(42)29(24)44/h1-5,8-11,22,30-32,35,37-46H,6-7,12H2
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| Chemical Name |
13-[3,5-dihydroxy-4-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenoxy]-3,4,5,11,12,21,22,23-octahydroxy-9,14,17-trioxatetracyclo[17.4.0.02,7.010,15]tricosa-1(23),2,4,6,19,21-hexaene-8,18-dione
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.3839 mL | 6.9195 mL | 13.8389 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.2768 mL | 1.3839 mL | 2.7678 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1384 mL | 0.6919 mL | 1.3839 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
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