Proteasomes are enormous protein complexes found in all eukaryotes, archaea, and some bacteria. They are found in the cytoplasm and nucleus of eukaryotes. The proteasome's primary job is to break down unwanted or damaged proteins through the process of proteolysis, which is a peptide bond-breaking chemical reaction. Proteases are enzymes that carry out these types of reactions.A key mechanism by which cells control the concentration of specific proteins and destroy improperly folded proteins includes proteasomes. When a protein is degraded, it produces peptides that are seven to eight amino acids long. These peptides can then be further broken down into amino acids and used to create new proteins. A tiny protein called ubiquitin marks proteins for degradation. The tagging process is sped up by ubiquitin ligases, an enzyme family. Once a protein has one ubiquitin molecule attached to it, other ligases know to attach more ubiquitin molecules. As a result, a polyubiquitin chain forms, which the proteasome binds to and uses to break down the tagged protein.
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