The nuclear receptor known as the androgen receptor (AR) is activated when either the androgenic hormones testosterone or dihydrotestosterone bind to it in the cytoplasm before moving into the nucleus. The receptor separates from supporting proteins after binding the hormone ligand, moves into the nucleus, dimerizes, and then activates transcription of androgen-responsive genes. The progesterone receptor is most similar to the androgen receptor, and progestins can block the androgen receptor when used in higher doses. The androgen receptor's primary role is that of a DNA-binding transcription factor that controls gene expression. The development and maintenance of the male sexual phenotype depend heavily on genes that are regulated by androgen. Complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS) is a condition that is also correlated with mutations in this gene.
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