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| 5mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
D-Fructose-13C2 targets the same metabolic enzymes as unlabeled fructose, primarily ketohexokinase (KHK) in the liver, which phosphorylates fructose to fructose-1-phosphate. It is also a substrate for fructokinase and aldolase B. As a tracer, it targets specific pathways in metabolic flux analysis, allowing researchers to distinguish between glycolytic and fructolytic carbon contributions in complex biological systems.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, D-Fructose-13C2 is used in cell culture to study the Warburg effect and fructose metabolism in cancer cells. Hepatocytes or cancer cell lines are incubated with the labeled fructose. Researchers then analyze cellular extracts or media supernatants by LC-MS to detect labeled metabolic intermediates such as fructose-1-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, glyceraldehyde, and downstream tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates (citrate, malate). This reveals how fructose carbons enter glycolysis and lipogenesis.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo activity is studied by administering D-Fructose-13C2 to animal models via oral gavage or intravenous injection to mimic dietary fructose intake. The tracer is distributed primarily to the liver and kidneys, where it is rapidly metabolized. By analyzing blood, liver, or brain tissue with mass spectrometry, researchers can quantify the conversion of fructose into glucose, lactate, and triglycerides. This helps elucidate the role of fructose in de novo lipogenesis and metabolic syndrome.
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| Enzyme Assay |
A typical workflow involves protein precipitation and derivatization. A biological sample (e.g., liver homogenate) is mixed with cold acetonitrile or methanol to precipitate proteins. After centrifugation, the supernatant containing polar metabolites is dried under nitrogen. The residue is derivatized with methoxyamine hydrochloride and a silylating agent (e.g., BSTFA). This volatile derivative is then injected into a GC-MS for separation and quantification based on specific mass fragments.
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| Cell Assay |
Human or rodent hepatocytes are seeded in 6-well plates and treated with D-Fructose-13C2 (e.g., 5-10 mM) in glucose-free medium for 2-24 hours. At the end of the incubation, media is collected for lactate/pyruvate analysis, and cells are washed with cold PBS. Metabolites are extracted using 80% methanol, subjected to three freeze-thaw cycles, and centrifuged. The supernatant is analyzed by LC-MS/MS to quantify the isotopic enrichment of fructose-6-phosphate and other glycolytic intermediates.
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| Animal Protocol |
In animal experiments, mice are fasted overnight to deplete glycogen stores. A bolus of D-Fructose-13C2 (e.g., 1-2 g/kg body weight) is administered by oral gavage. Blood samples are taken from the tail vein at multiple time points (0, 15, 30, 60, 120 min). Livers are harvested quickly and freeze-clamped in liquid nitrogen. Tissues are powdered, homogenized, and analyzed by GC-MS or LC-MS to trace the incorporation of the 13C label into glucose, glycerol-3-phosphate, and fatty acids.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetically, D-Fructose-13C2 is rapidly absorbed in the small intestine via GLUT5 transporters. Its plasma half-life is short (approximately 30-60 minutes in rodents) due to efficient hepatic clearance. Unlike glucose, fructose bypasses phosphofructokinase regulation, leading to rapid hepatic extraction and conversion. It is cleared primarily by conversion to lactate, glucose, or via de novo lipogenesis. Urinary excretion is minimal at physiological doses unless plasma concentration exceeds renal reabsorption capacity.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
In acute tracer studies, D-Fructose-13C2 is administered at low absolute masses, avoiding pharmacological toxicity. However, high systemic fructose loads (not typical for tracer use) are associated with intestinal gas, osmotic diarrhea, and hepatic ATP depletion leading to uric acid production. At standard research doses (mg to low g/kg range), there is no acute toxicity. Standard safe handling of fine chemicals applies; inhalation of dust should be avoided.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
D-Fructose-13C2 is not a drug; it is a biochemical research reagent. It has no clinical trial status or FDA approval for therapy. It is commonly used in metabolomics and flux analysis to investigate the pathophysiology of obesity, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Commercially available fructose tracers are typically solid powders with high chemical purity (≥99%). The specific "D-Fructose-3-13C2" labeling indicates the positions of the heavy isotopes on the furanose ring.
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| Molecular Formula |
C6H12O6
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
180.155882835388
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| Exact Mass |
182.07
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| CAS # |
2483736-14-5
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| Related CAS # |
D-Fructose;57-48-7;D-Fructose-13C6;201595-65-5;D-Fructose-13C;108311-21-3;D-Fructose-13C-1;117013-19-1;D-Fructose-6-13C;287100-63-4;D-Fructose-d7;D-Fructose-d-1;D-Fructose-13C6,d7;D-Fructose-d-2;80599-66-2;D-Fructose-d2;285979-75-1;D-Fructose-d2-1;478518-48-8;D(-)-Fructose-18O-1;D-Fructose-18O-2;D-Fructose-13C3;D-Fructose-13C3-1;D-Fructose-13C4;D-Fructose-3-13C;249928-59-4;D-Fructose-4-13C;84270-09-7
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| PubChem CID |
162642234
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| LogP |
-3.2
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
147
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
3
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| SMILES |
C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([13C](=O)[13CH2]O)O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
BJHIKXHVCXFQLS-DJNMHOOTSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-3(9)5(11)6(12)4(10)2-8/h3,5-9,11-12H,1-2H2/t3-,5-,6-/m1/s1/i2+1,4+1
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| Chemical Name |
(3S,4R,5R)-1,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxy(1,2-13C2)hexan-2-one
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O :~125 mg/mL (~686.29 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.5506 mL | 27.7531 mL | 55.5062 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1101 mL | 5.5506 mL | 11.1012 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5551 mL | 2.7753 mL | 5.5506 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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