Palmitic acid

Alias: NSC5030; NSC-5030; NSC 5030; Palmitic acid

Cat No.:V27078 Purity: ≥98%

COA Product Data Instructions for use SDS

Palmitic acid (PA) is a long-chain (16-carbon chain) saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants.

Palmitic acid Chemical Structure CAS No.: 57-10-3
Product category: HSP

This product is for research use only, not for human use. We do not sell to patients.

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Top Publications Citing lnvivochem Products

Nature 2021, 597(7874):119-125.

Cell 2020,183:1202-1218.e25.

Science Adv 2022: 8, eabm9427.

Nature 597, 119–125 (2021)

Cell Stem Cell 2020,26(6):845-861.e12.

Science Trans Med 2023,15(701):eadd7872.

STTT 2023,8(1):91.

Cell Reports 2023,42(4):112313

Science Trans Med 2023, 15: eadd7872.

Cancer Cell 2021,39(4):529-547.e7.

Cancer Discov 2022,12(4):1106-1127.

Immunity 2023,56(3):620-634.e11.

J Am Chem Soc 2022,144:21831-21836.

Cell 2020,183:1202-1218.e25.

Science Adv 2022:8,eabm9427.

Nature 2021,597(7874):119-125.

Cell 2020,183:1202-1218.e25.

PNAS Nexus 2022,1(3):pgac063.

ACS Nano 2023,17(10):9110-9125.

Biomaterial 2023 Sep16:302:122333.

Product Description
Bioactivity & Protocols
Physicochemical Properties
Solubility Data
Calculators
Clinical Trial Information
Biological Data

Product Description

Palmitic acid (PA) is a long-chain (16-carbon chain) saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants. It is the most prevalent saturated fatty acid, making up 20–30% of all fatty acids in the human body. It can be produced naturally by the process of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) or obtained through diet. Up to 44% of total fats in the oil extracted from the fruit of oil palms are composed primarily of PA. 50–60% of total fats are found in meats, cheeses, butter, and other dairy products. These foods also contain palmitic acid.

Biological Activity I Assay Protocols (From Reference)

Targets	Microbial Metabolite; Human Endogenous Metabolite
ln Vitro	Palmitic acid (PA) binds to TLR4 through the adaptor protein MD2, and the TLR4 signal that PA produces causes a strong IL-1β response in addition to stimulating dendritic cell activation and maturation. One TLR4/MD-2 ligand is palmitic acid. TLR4 is the mechanism by which it promotes inflammation[1].
ln Vivo	Palmitic acid rapidly decreases mouse locomotor activity in a dose-dependent manner through a mechanism that is dependent on fatty acid chain length rather than TLR4, MyD88, IL-1, IL-6, or TNFα. Mice exposed to palmitic acid exhibit anxiety-like behaviors while their amygdala-based serotonin metabolism is elevated[2].
Cell Assay	The INS-1 cells are seeded at 4,000 cells/well onto 96-well plates with 10% BSA and then incubated for 24 or 48 hours with either T0901317 (10 μmol/L), palmitic acid (250 μmol/L), a combination of T0901317 and palmitic acid, or PBS (mock control). Following the treatment incubation, 20 microliters of MTT solution (5 milligrams per milliliter of MTT in PBS, pH 7.4) are added to each well, and the mixture is then incubated for four hours at 37°C. After the supernatants are extracted from the wells, 15 μl of DMSO per well is added to dissolve the crystals. A microplate reader is used to measure the optical density at a wavelength of 490 nm.
Animal Protocol	C57BL/6J mice 0.3, 3, and 30 μmol/mouse i.p.
References	[1]. PLoS One . 2017 May 2;12(5):e0176793. [2]. Metabolism . 2014 Sep;63(9):1131-40. [3]. In Vivo . 2011 Sep-Oct;25(5):711-8.

These protocols are for reference only. InvivoChem does not independently validate these methods.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C16H32O2
Molecular Weight	256.43
Exact Mass	256.24
Elemental Analysis	C, 74.94; H, 12.58; O, 12.48
CAS #	57-10-3
Related CAS #	Palmitic acid sodium;408-35-5;Palmitic acid-13C16 sodium;2483736-17-8;Palmitic acid-d4-1;75736-47-9;Palmitic acid-d31;39756-30-4;Palmitic acid-1-13C;57677-53-9;Palmitic acid-d2;62689-96-7;Palmitic acid-d3;75736-53-7;Palmitic acid-13C16;56599-85-0;Palmitic acid-d4;75736-49-1;Palmitic acid-13C;287100-87-2;Palmitic acid-13C sodium;201612-54-6;Palmitic acid-1,2,3,4-13C4;287100-89-4;Palmitic acid-15,15,16,16,16-d5;285979-77-3;Palmitic acid-13C2;86683-25-2;Palmitic acid-d2-1;62690-28-2;Palmitic acid-d4-2;75736-57-1;Palmitic acid-d17;81462-28-4;Palmitic acid-d2-2;272442-14-5;Palmitic acid-d2-3;83293-32-7;Palmitic acid-d2-4;30719-28-9;Palmitic acid-d;358730-99-1;Palmitic acid-d2-5;1219805-64-7;Palmitic acid-d9;1173022-49-5;Palmitic acid-d5;1219802-61-5;Palmitic acid-9,10-d2;78387-70-9
Appearance	Solid powder
SMILES	CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O
InChi Key	IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C16H32O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16(17)18/h2-15H2,1H3,(H,17,18)
Chemical Name	hexadecanoic acid
Synonyms	NSC5030; NSC-5030; NSC 5030; Palmitic acid
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.03.00
Storage	Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)	DMSO: ~51 mg/mL (~198.9 mM) Ethanol: 12.8~51 mg/mL (~50.0 mM)
Solubility (In Vivo)	Solubility in Formulation 1: 10 mg/mL (39.00 mM) in 15% Cremophor EL + 85% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with sonication. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: 2.5 mg/mL (9.75 mM) in 10% EtOH + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear EtOH stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. View More Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.75 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% EtOH + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear EtOH stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Solubility (In Vitro)

DMSO: ~51 mg/mL (~198.9 mM)
Ethanol: 12.8~51 mg/mL (~50.0 mM)

Solubility (In Vivo)

Solubility in Formulation 1: 10 mg/mL (39.00 mM) in 15% Cremophor EL + 85% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with sonication.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

Solubility in Formulation 2: 2.5 mg/mL (9.75 mM) in 10% EtOH + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear EtOH stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

View More

Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.75 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% EtOH + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear EtOH stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	3.8997 mL	19.4985 mL	38.9970 mL
	5 mM	0.7799 mL	3.8997 mL	7.7994 mL
	10 mM	0.3900 mL	1.9498 mL	3.8997 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.

Calculator

Mass

Concentration

Volume

Molecular Weight*

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Molarity Calculator allows you to calculate the mass, volume, and/or concentration required for a solution, as detailed below:

Calculate the Mass of a compound required to prepare a solution of known volume and concentration
Calculate the Volume of solution required to dissolve a compound of known mass to a desired concentration
Calculate the Concentration of a solution resulting from a known mass of compound in a specific volume

See Example

An example of molarity calculation using the molarity calculator is shown below:
What is the mass of compound required to make a 10 mM stock solution in 5 ml of DMSO given that the molecular weight of the compound is 350.26 g/mol?

Enter 350.26 in the Molecular Weight (MW) box
Enter 10 in the Concentration box and choose the correct unit (mM)
Enter 5 in the Volume box and choose the correct unit (mL)
Click the “Calculate” button
The answer of 17.513 mg appears in the Mass box. In a similar way, you may calculate the volume and concentration.

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Concentration (End)

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Dilution Calculator allows you to calculate how to dilute a stock solution of known concentrations. For example, you may Enter C1, C2 & V2 to calculate V1, as detailed below:

What volume of a given 10 mM stock solution is required to make 25 ml of a 25 μM solution?
Using the equation C1V1 = C2V2, where C1=10 mM, C2=25 μM, V2=25 ml and V1 is the unknown:

Enter 10 into the Concentration (Start) box and choose the correct unit (mM)
Enter 25 into the Concentration (End) box and select the correct unit (mM)
Enter 25 into the Volume (End) box and choose the correct unit (mL)
Click the “Calculate” button
The answer of 62.5 μL (0.1 ml) appears in the Volume (Start) box

Molecular formula

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g/mol

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Molecular Weight Calculator allows you to calculate the molar mass and elemental composition of a compound, as detailed below:

Note: Chemical formula is case sensitive: C12H18N3O4 c12h18n3o4
Instructions to calculate molar mass (molecular weight) of a chemical compound:

To calculate molar mass of a chemical compound, please enter the chemical/molecular formula and click the “Calculate’ button.

Definitions of molecular mass, molecular weight, molar mass and molar weight:

Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the mass of one molecule of a substance and is expressed in the unified atomic mass units (u). (1 u is equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12)
Molar mass (molar weight) is the mass of one mole of a substance and is expressed in g/mol.

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Reconstitution Calculator allows you to calculate the volume of solvent required to reconstitute your vial.

Enter the mass of the reagent and the desired reconstitution concentration as well as the correct units
Click the “Calculate” button
The answer appears in the Volume (to add to vial) box

In vivo Formulation Calculator (Clear solution)

Step 1: Enter information below (Recommended: An additional animal to make allowance for loss during the experiment)

Dosage mg/kg

Average weight of animals g

Dosing volume per animal μL

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Step 2: Enter in vivo formulation (This is only a calculator, not the exact formulation for a specific product. Please contact us first if there is no in vivo formulation in the solubility section.)

% DMSO

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Calculation results

Working concentration： mg/mL；

Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.

Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH₂O，mix and clarify.

Note： (1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.

Clinical Trial Information

NCT Number	Recruitment	interventions	Conditions	Sponsor/Collaborators	Start Date	Phases
NCT01066091	Completed	Other: mashed potatoes + Palmitic acid Other: Mashed potatoes	Healthy Obesity	Yves Boirie	March 2010	Not Applicable
NCT02835651	Completed	Dietary Supplement: Palmitic acid Dietary Supplement: Stearic acid	Dyslipidemia	Maastricht University Medical Center	April 14, 2016	Not Applicable

Biological Data

T0901317 enhances palmitic acid-induced cell death in INS-1 cells. In Vivo . 2011 Sep-Oct;25(5):711-8.
T0901317 and palmitic acid induce increased SREBP-1c mRNA expression in INS-1 cells. In Vivo . 2011 Sep-Oct;25(5):711-8.
Palmitic acid decreases spontaneous locomotor activity. Metabolism . 2014 Sep;63(9):1131-40.
Palmitic acid-induced loss of locomotion is not dependent on TLR4, MyD88, IL-1, IL-6 or TNFα. Metabolism . 2014 Sep;63(9):1131-40.
Palmitic acid is a ligand for TLR4/MD-2. PLoS One . 2017 May 2;12(5):e0176793.