| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg | |||
| 500mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Not applicable; this is an isotopically labeled tracer. Unlabeled D-galactose is metabolized via the Leloir pathway, which involves galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT), and UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE). Mutations in these enzymes cause galactosemia.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Drug compounds have included stable heavy isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements, mostly as quantitative tracers while the drugs were being developed. Because deuteration may have an effect on a drug's pharmacokinetics and metabolic properties, it is a cause for concern [1].
D-Galactose-13C has the same biological activity as unlabeled galactose. Galactose is converted to glucose-1-phosphate via the Leloir pathway and is used for energy production, glycoprotein synthesis, and as a source of UDP-galactose for glycosylation. D-Galactose-13C allows precise tracking of carbon flux through this pathway. |
| ln Vivo |
Not applicable as a therapeutic; D-Galactose-13C is a tracer. Unlabeled D-galactose (high doses, 50-100 mg/kg) is used in animal models to induce aging-like cognitive decline and oxidative stress. The 13C-labeled version is used to study the metabolic basis of these effects and to quantify enzyme activities in galactosemia.
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| Enzyme Assay |
D-Galactose-13C is spiked into biological samples (plasma, urine, cell lysates) at known concentrations (1-100 microM). Samples are deproteinized, derivatized (e.g., methoximation/TMS), and analyzed by GC-MS or LC-MS/MS to quantify D-galactose and its metabolites (galactose-1-phosphate, UDP-galactose) by isotope dilution.
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| Cell Assay |
Primary hepatocytes, fibroblasts, or erythrocytes are incubated with D-Galactose-13C (0.1-10 mM) for 1-24 hours. Cells are lysed, and the 13C enrichment in galactose-1-phosphate, UDP-galactose, UDP-glucose, and glucose-1-phosphate is measured by LC-MS/MS or NMR to calculate flux through the Leloir pathway and assess GALT or GALE enzyme activity.
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| Animal Protocol |
Mice or rats are administered D-Galactose-13C (50-500 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection (IP) or oral gavage. Blood samples are collected at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180 minutes. Tissues (liver, kidney, brain, red blood cells) are harvested at terminal time points. 13C enrichment in galactose and its metabolites is quantified by LC-MS/MS.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Galactose has a plasma half-life of approximately 0.5-1 hour in rodents (and 1-2 hours in humans). It is rapidly cleared by the liver (70-80% extraction), where it is phosphorylated to galactose-1-phosphate and converted to glucose. The 13C-labeled version behaves identically.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
No toxicity; galactose is a natural sugar and is safe at low doses. High doses (1-2 g/kg in rodents) can cause cataracts, hepatic steatosis, and galactosuria due to saturation of the Leloir pathway and accumulation of galactitol. Handle in accordance with institutional safety guidelines.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
D-Galactose-13C is for research use only, not FDA-approved. Unlabeled galactose is a component of lactose (milk sugar) and is used in the diagnostic evaluation of liver function (galactose elimination capacity test). The 13C-labeled version is a valuable tracer for studying galactosemia, glycogen storage diseases, and liver function, as well as for quantifying the activity of GALK, GALT, and GALE enzymes in clinical diagnostics.
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| Molecular Formula |
C6H12O6
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
180.15588
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| Exact Mass |
181.067
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| CAS # |
70849-30-8
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| Related CAS # |
D-Galactose;59-23-4;D-Galactose-13C6;74134-89-7;D-Galactose-13C-2;478518-56-8;D-Galactose-d2-1;1176791-08-4;D-Galactose-13C,d;370565-96-1;D-Galactose-13C-3;478518-58-0;D-Galactose-13C-4;478518-60-4;D-Galactose-13C-5;478518-62-6;D-Galactose-d;64267-73-8;D-Galactose-d-1;64429-86-3;D-Galactose-d-2;478518-70-6;D-Galactose-d-3;478518-71-7;D-Galactose-d2;35669-34-2
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| PubChem CID |
10899282
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.732g/cm3
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| Melting Point |
169-170ºC(lit.)
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| Index of Refraction |
1.635
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| LogP |
-2.6
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
151
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
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| SMILES |
C(C1C(C(C(C(O1)O)O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-ZGYLHYIGSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3+,4+,5-,6?/m1/s1/i6+1
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| Chemical Name |
(3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)(213C)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~125 mg/mL (~690.04 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.5506 mL | 27.7531 mL | 55.5062 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1101 mL | 5.5506 mL | 11.1012 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5551 mL | 2.7753 mL | 5.5506 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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