| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Endogenous Metabolite
ATP dimagnesium is a universal energy carrier and signaling molecule that interacts with a vast array of cellular targets. It serves as a substrate for ATPases, kinases, and ATP-dependent enzymes such as helicases and polymerases. As a signaling molecule, it activates purinergic receptors (P2X and P2Y families) involved in immune and inflammatory responses. The magnesium ions in ATP dimagnesium stabilize the negative charges on the ATP molecule, making it the biologically relevant form of ATP within the cell and the preferred substrate for most ATP-utilizing enzymes. |
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| ln Vitro |
When administered together, ATP (5 mM; 1 hour) and LPS (1 μg/mL) exhibit a synergistic effect on HGF-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation [3]. BMDM secretes KC, MIP-2, and IL-1β in a caspase-1 activation-dependent manner when exposed to ATP (2 mM; 0.5-24 hours) [4]. In vitro, ATP stimulates neutrophil chemotaxis [4].
In vitro, ATP dimagnesium is used extensively as an energy source to drive enzymatic reactions. It serves as a substrate for protein kinases in phosphorylation assays, for ATPases in ion transport studies, and for luciferase in bioluminescence assays (e.g., CellTiter-Glo viability assay). It also functions as a signaling molecule in immune cell cultures, where it activates P2X7 receptors to induce inflammasome activation and IL-1beta secretion. The compound is used at millimolar concentrations in cell-free kinase assays and at micromolar concentrations in cell-based purinergic signaling studies. |
| ln Vivo |
Mice are protected against bacterial infection in vivo by ATP (50 mg/kg; i.p.) [4]. In vivo, ATP stimulates the release of IL-1β, KC, and MIP-2 as well as the influx of neutrophils [4].
In vivo, ATP dimagnesium is an essential endogenous molecule involved in energy metabolism, cell signaling, and homeostasis. It is not used as a therapeutic drug but can be administered exogenously in research settings to study its effects on immune responses or energy balance. Exogenous ATP has been shown to modulate inflammatory responses, induce pain signaling, and regulate vascular tone through purinergic receptor activation. The dimagnesium salt form ensures that the ATP is in the biologically active Mg-ATP complex required for most cellular processes. |
| Enzyme Assay |
For in vitro enzyme activity assays (non-cell-based), a standard protocol for kinase activity uses ATP dimagnesium as the phosphate donor. A purified kinase, a peptide substrate, and varying concentrations of ATP dimagnesium (e.g., 0-1000 uM) are incubated in a kinase buffer (50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM DTT). The reaction is allowed to proceed for 30 minutes at 30degC and is terminated by the addition of EDTA. The phosphorylated product is detected by a luminescence-based ADP detection kit (e.g., ADP-Glo) or by a mobility shift assay. The Km for ATP is calculated from the Michaelis-Menten curve.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell-based assays, ATP dimagnesium is used to induce purinergic signaling. Cells (e.g., mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages or human THP-1 monocytes) are seeded in 96-well plates. Cells are washed and incubated in serum-free media. ATP dimagnesium is added to the cells at concentrations ranging from 0.1-5 mM for 30-60 minutes. Supernatants are collected for measurement of IL-1beta and other cytokines by ELISA. Activation of the P2X7 receptor leads to potassium efflux, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and caspase-1-mediated IL-1beta secretion. ATP dimagnesium is also used in cell viability assays.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: 4weeks old Kunming mice (18-22 g) [4]
Doses: 50 mg/kg Route of Administration: intraperitoneal (ip) injection before bacterial (E. coli) challenge Experimental Results: Protected mice from bacterial infection. For in vivo animal studies, ATP dimagnesium is administered to mice via intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intrathecal injection to study its role in pain and inflammation. In a typical protocol, mice receive ATP dimagnesium (10-100 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally. Blood samples are collected at various time points to measure changes in cytokine levels (e.g., IL-1beta, TNF-alpha). For pain studies, ATP is injected intrathecally or intraplantarly, and pain behaviors (paw withdrawal threshold, licking time) are assessed using von Frey filaments or a hot plate test. Control animals receive vehicle (saline). |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
ATP dimagnesium is an endogenous molecule, and as such, its pharmacokinetics are highly regulated by cellular and plasma enzymes. The half-life of exogenous ATP in the circulation is extremely short (less than 1 minute) due to rapid hydrolysis by ectonucleotidases (CD39 and CD73) on the surface of endothelial cells and blood cells. ATP is metabolized to ADP, AMP, and ultimately adenosine. The dimagnesium salt form is the biologically relevant Mg-ATP complex. For research purposes, ATP dimagnesium is typically administered locally or by continuous infusion to maintain effective concentrations.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
ATP dimagnesium is an endogenous molecule and has low toxicity when administered in physiological concentrations. However, exogenous administration of high doses can cause adverse effects due to excessive activation of purinergic receptors. In animals, high-dose ATP can induce hypotension, bradycardia, systemic inflammatory response (cytokine storm), and pain behaviors. The LD50 of ATP in mice is approximately 2-4 g/kg when administered intraperitoneally. In humans, ATP is used as a diagnostic agent for supraventricular tachycardia but can cause flushing, chest pain, and dyspnea. The dimagnesium form is generally recognized as safe for in vitro use.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an adenine nucleotide with three phosphate groups esterified in its glycosylation. Besides playing a crucial role in metabolism, ATP is also a neurotransmitter.
ATP dimagnesium is the biologically active form of ATP in which the ATP molecule is complexed with two magnesium ions (Mg-ATP). This complex is the true substrate for most ATP-requiring enzymes, including kinases, ATPases, and polymerases, because magnesium neutralizes the negative charge on the phosphate groups, making the terminal phosphate more susceptible to nucleophilic attack. The compound is widely used in biochemical research as a component of kinase buffers, cell viability assays (as a luciferase substrate), and in studies of purinergic signaling. It is not approved as a therapeutic drug but is used as a diagnostic agent for cardiac stress testing. The compound is also available in a variety of purity grades for research applications. |
| Molecular Formula |
C10H16N5O13P3.MG
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| Molecular Weight |
531.48614
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| Exact Mass |
528.965
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 22.68; H, 2.67; Mg, 4.59; N, 13.23; O, 39.28; P, 17.55
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| CAS # |
74804-12-9
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| Related CAS # |
ATP disodium salt;987-65-5;ATP;56-65-5;ATP disodium trihydrate;51963-61-2;ATP disodium salt hydrate;34369-07-8;ATP ditromethamine;102047-34-7
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| PubChem CID |
15126
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| Sequence |
P-P-P-rAdo.Mg+2
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| SequenceShortening |
A
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
17
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
8
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| Heavy Atom Count |
32
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| Complexity |
789
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
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| SMILES |
C1=NC(=C2C(=N1)N(C=N2)[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O3)COP(=O)(O)OP(=O)([O-])OP(=O)(O)[O-])O)O)N.[Mg+2]
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| InChi Key |
CYYJCOXYBYJLIK-MCDZGGTQSA-L
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3.Mg/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20;/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20);/q;+2/p-2/t4-,6-,7-,10-;/m1./s1
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| Chemical Name |
magnesium;[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-oxidophosphoryl] hydrogen phosphate
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| Synonyms |
Magnesium ATP; Adenosine 5'-triphosphate magnesium salt; 74804-12-9; Magnesium ATP; MgAtp; 1476-84-2; Adenosine 5'-triphosphate magnesium salt; ATP magnesium salt; 1476-84-2; MgAtp; Adenosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) magnesium salt; MFCD00084767;
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~250 mg/mL (~453.10 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.8815 mL | 9.4075 mL | 18.8150 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3763 mL | 1.8815 mL | 3.7630 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1882 mL | 0.9408 mL | 1.8815 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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