Endogenous Metabolite

When combined with LPS (1 μg/ml), ATP disodium salt hydrate (5 mM) for one hour had a synergistic effect on activating the NLRP3 inflammasome in HGFs[3]. In vitro, bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) secrete interleukin 1β, KC, and MIP-2 in response to ATP disodium salt hydrate (2 mM; 0.5-24 hours) in a way that is dependent on caspase-1 activation[4]. In vitro neutrophil chemotaxis is both directly and indirectly induced by ATP disodium salt hydrate, which also stimulates the release of cytokines and chemokines as well as inflammasome activation[4].

Mice who receive 50 mg/kg of ATP disodium salt hydrate intraperitoneally are protected from bacterial infection[4]. ?In vivo neutrophil recruitment and the release of KC, MIP-2, and IL1β are induced by ATP disodium salt hydrate[4].

Human health is under constant threat of a wide variety of dangers, both self and nonself. The immune system is occupied with protecting the host against such dangers in order to preserve human health. For that purpose, the immune system is equipped with a diverse array of both cellular and non-cellular effectors that are in continuous communication with each other. The naturally occurring nucleotide adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and its metabolite adenosine (Ado) probably constitute an intrinsic part of this extensive immunological network through purinergic signaling by their cognate receptors, which are widely expressed throughout the body. This review provides a thorough overview of the effects of ATP and Ado on major immune cell types. The overwhelming evidence indicates that ATP and Ado are important endogenous signaling molecules in immunity and inflammation. Although the role of ATP and Ado during the course of inflammatory and immune responses in vivo appears to be extremely complex, we propose that their immunological role is both interdependent and multifaceted, meaning that the nature of their effects may shift from immunostimulatory to immunoregulatory or vice versa depending on extracellular concentrations as well as on expression patterns of purinergic receptors and ecto-enzymes. Purinergic signaling thus contributes to the fine-tuning of inflammatory and immune responses in such a way that the danger to the host is eliminated efficiently with minimal damage to healthy tissues. [2]

Animal/Disease Models: Fourweeks old Kunming mice (18-22 g)[4]
Doses: 50 mg/kg
Route of Administration: intraperitoneal (ip)injection, before bacterial (E. coli) challenge
Experimental Results: Protected mice from bacterial infection.

[1]. ATP synthesis and storage. Purinergic Signal. 2012 Sep;8(3):343-57.

[2]. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate and adenosine as endogenous signaling molecules in immunity and inflammation. Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Nov;112(2):358-404.

[3]. Doxycycline inhibits NAcht Leucine-rich repeat Protein 3 inflammasome activation and interleukin-1β production induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis-lipopolysaccharide and adenosine triphosphate in human gingival fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol. 2019 Nov;107:104514.

[4]. Adenosine-5'-Triphosphate (ATP) Protects Mice against Bacterial Infection by Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome. PLoS One. 2013; 8(5): e63759.

Since 1929, when it was discovered that ATP is a substrate for muscle contraction, the knowledge about this purine nucleotide has been greatly expanded. Many aspects of cell metabolism revolve around ATP production and consumption. It is important to understand the concepts of glucose and oxygen consumption in aerobic and anaerobic life and to link bioenergetics with the vast amount of reactions occurring within cells. ATP is universally seen as the energy exchange factor that connects anabolism and catabolism but also fuels processes such as motile contraction, phosphorylations, and active transport. It is also a signalling molecule in the purinergic signalling mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss all the main mechanisms of ATP production linked to ADP phosphorylation as well the regulation of these mechanisms during stress conditions and in connection with calcium signalling events. Recent advances regarding ATP storage and its special significance for purinergic signalling will also be reviewed. [1]

---

It has been established that Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. However, the physiological effect of extracellular ATP on NLRP3 inflammasome activation has not yet been investigated. In the present study, we found that ATP was indeed released during bacterial infection. By using a murine peritonitis model, we also found that ATP promotes the fight against bacterial infection in mice. ATP induced the secretion of IL-1β and chemokines by murine bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro. Furthermore, the intraperitoneal injection of ATP elevated the levels of IL-1β and chemokines in the mouse peritoneal lavage. Neutrophils were rapidly recruited to the peritoneum after ATP injection. In addition, the effects on cytokine and chemokine secretion and neutrophil recruitment were markedly attenuated by the pre-administration of the caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cho. Ac-YVAD-cho also significantly attenuated the protective effect of ATP against bacterial infection. In the present study, we demonstrated a protective role for ATP during bacterial infection and this effect was related to NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Together, these results suggest a role for ATP in initiating the immune response in hosts suffering from infections. [4]

C10H16N5NA2O14P3

569.160

568.97

C, 21.10; H, 2.83; N, 12.30; Na, 8.08; O, 39.35; P, 16.33

34369-07-8

ATP disodium salt;987-65-5;ATP disodium trihydrate;51963-61-2;ATP dimagnesium;74804-12-9;ATP-13C10,15N5 disodium;ATP disodium salt hydrate;34369-07-8;ATP dipotassium;42373-41-1;ATP ditromethamine;102047-34-7;ATP-13C10,15N5;752972-20-6

16218877

White to off-white solid powder

O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](N1C=NC2=C(N=CN=C21)N)O3)O)[C@H]3COP([O-])(OP(O)(OP([O-])(O)=O)=O)=O.[H]O[H].[Na+].[Na+]

NTBQNWBHIXNPRU-MSQVLRTGSA-L

InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3.2Na.H2O/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20;;;/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20);;;1H2/q;2*+1;/p-2/t4-,6-,7-,10-;;;/m1.../s1

O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](N1C=NC2=C(N=CN=C21)N)O3)O)[C@H]3COP([O-])(OP(O)(OP([O-])(O)=O)=O)=O.[H]O[H].[Na+].[Na+]

34369-07-8; ATP disodium salt; ATP disodium salt hydrate; Adenosine 5'-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate; MFCD00150755; Adenosine 5'-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate; disodium;[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-oxidophosphoryl] hydrogen phosphate;hydrate; ATP (disodium salt hydrate);

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ~100 mg/mL

Solubility in Formulation 1: 100 mg/mL (Infinity mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.

---

 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)