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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
ATP does not have a single pharmacological target but acts as an endogenous signaling molecule and a substrate for numerous enzymes. It is a P2 purinergic (P2X and P2Y) receptor agonist, and it is a substrate for ATPases, kinases, and other enzymes that utilize ATP for energy transfer. It is also an important endogenous signaling molecule in immunity and inflammation.
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| ln Vitro |
ATP disodium salt (5mM; 1 hour) combined with LPS (1 μg/ml) enhances the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in HGFs [3]. In vitro, ATP disodium salt (2 mM; 0.5-24 hours) stimulates the production of interleukin 1β, KC, and MIP-2 from bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) via caspase-1 activation [4]. ATP disodium salt stimulates cytokine and chemokine release, as well as inflammasome activation, which both directly and indirectly induce neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro[4].
In vitro, ATP disodium salt is used as a substrate in countless biochemical reactions. It stimulates cytokine and chemokine secretion and inflammasome activation. It induces neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro. It also induces a release of prostaglandin D2 and histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells in a dose-dependent manner. As a P2 receptor agonist, it increases Ca2+-activated K+ channel activity. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo protection against bacterial infection in mice is provided by ATP disodium salt (50 mg/kg; ip)[4]. ?In vivo neutrophil recruitment and the release of KC, MIP-2, and IL1β are induced by ATP disodium salt[4].
In vivo, ATP is the primary energy currency of the cell and is involved in numerous cellular processes, including muscle contraction, active transport, and biochemical synthesis. As an endogenous signaling molecule, it plays a role in immunity and inflammation. ATP has been shown to protect mice against bacterial infection by activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. It is not administered as a therapeutic agent but is essential for life. |
| Enzyme Assay |
For in vitro enzyme assays, ATP disodium salt is used as a substrate. Kinase assays are performed by incubating the kinase of interest with ATP and a peptide substrate. The transfer of the phosphate group from ATP to the substrate is measured. For ATPase assays, the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate is measured. For receptor binding studies, radiolabeled ATP can be used to study P2 receptor binding.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell-based assays, ATP disodium salt can be used to stimulate cells. It is added to cell culture media to study its effects on signaling pathways, such as calcium mobilization or inflammasome activation. Its effects on cell proliferation, migration, and cytokine secretion can be measured. Its stability in cell culture media should be considered.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Four weeks old Kunming mice (18-22 g)[4]
Doses: 50 mg/kg Route of Administration: intraperitoneal (ip)injection, before bacterial (E. coli) challenge Experimental Results: Protected mice from bacterial infection. For in vivo animal studies, ATP disodium salt is not typically administered as a therapeutic agent. However, it can be used in pharmacological studies to investigate its effects on the immune system, such as its protective role against bacterial infection. It is administered via injection, and parameters such as survival, bacterial clearance, and inflammatory markers are assessed. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
ATP disodium salt has a molecular weight of 551.14. It is stable when stored at 4°C, sealed, and away from moisture and light. In solution, it is stable for 6 months at -80°C or 1 month at -20°C. As an endogenous molecule, it is rapidly metabolized in the body.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
ATP is an endogenous molecule and is not considered toxic. However, high concentrations can have pharmacological effects. It is safe to handle with standard laboratory precautions.
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| References |
[1]. Bonora M, et al. ATP synthesis and storage. Purinergic Signal. 2012 Sep;8(3):343-57.
[2]. M J L Bours, et al. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate and adenosine as endogenous signaling molecules in immunity and inflammation. Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Nov;112(2):358-404. [3]. Shuo Xu, et al. Doxycycline inhibits NAcht Leucine-rich repeat Protein 3 inflammasome activation and interleukin-1β production induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis-lipopolysaccharide and adenosine triphosphate in human gingival fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol. 2019 Nov;107:104514. [4]. Yang Xiang, et al. Adenosine-5'-Triphosphate (ATP) Protects Mice against Bacterial Infection by Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome. PLoS One. 2013; 8(5): e63759. |
| Additional Infomation |
ATP disodium salt is a fundamental biochemical reagent used in countless research applications. It is not a drug and has no therapeutic approval status. It is commercially available from chemical suppliers for research purposes only.
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| Molecular Formula |
C10H18N5NA2O14P3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
571.1758
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| Exact Mass |
550.959
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| CAS # |
987-65-5
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| PubChem CID |
13803
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
2.63g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
951.4ºC at 760mmHg
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| Melting Point |
188-190ºC
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
17
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
8
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| Heavy Atom Count |
33
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| Complexity |
789
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
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| SMILES |
P(=O)(O[H])(OP(=O)(O[H])OP(=O)(O[H])O[H])OC([H])([H])[C@]1([H])[C@]([H])([C@]([H])([C@]([H])(N2C([H])=NC3=C(N([H])[H])N=C([H])N=C23)O1)O[H])O[H].[Na].[Na].O([H])[H] |^1:47,48|
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| InChi Key |
TTWYZDPBDWHJOR-IDIVVRGQSA-L
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3.2Na/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20;;/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20);;/q;2*+1/p-2/t4-,6-,7-,10-;;/m1../s1
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| Chemical Name |
disodium;[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-oxidophosphoryl] hydrogen phosphate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~181.44 mM)
DMSO : ~1 mg/mL (~1.81 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 100 mg/mL (181.44 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.7508 mL | 8.7538 mL | 17.5076 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3502 mL | 1.7508 mL | 3.5015 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1751 mL | 0.8754 mL | 1.7508 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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