Dopamine D1/D5 receptor

SKF 38393(6 mg/kg, i.p.) prevents the scopolamine-induced impairment of performance of a T-maze working memory task. In adult male NMRI mice, SKF-38393 (1 μg/mouse) impaires context-dependent fear learning.

---

Dopamine D(1)/D(5) receptor agonists may enhance cognition by mimicking dopamine's neurophysiological actions on the processes underlying learning and memory. The present study examined the task- and performance- dependence of the cognitive effects of a partial agonist at dopamine D(1)/D(5) receptors, SKF-38393 [(+/-)-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(1H)-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide], in rats. Spatial working memory was assessed in a T-maze, spatial reference memory in a water maze and habituation learning in a novel environment, a hole board. The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist scopolamine (1.5 mg/kg, i.p.) was used to cause an impairment of performance of these learning tasks. Administration of SKF 38393 (6 mg/kg, i.p.) alone had no significant effect on spontaneous alternation in the T-maze, latency to escape to a hidden platform in the water maze or the habituation of spontaneous behaviour in the hole board. In contrast, in scopolamine-treated rats, whereas SKF 38393 prevented the scopolamine-induced deficit in the T-maze, it exacerbated the impairment in the water maze and did not significantly alter the disruption of habituation. These results suggest that dopamine D(1)/D(5) receptor activation has performance- and task-dependent effects on cognitive function [2].

SKF 38393 hydrochloride is an agonist of D1 with IC50 of 110 nM.

---

Iodinated SCH 23390, 125I-SCH 23982 (DuPont-NEN), was examined using quantitative autoradiography for its potency, selectivity, and anatomical and neuronal localization of binding to the dopamine D1 receptor in rat brain sections. 125I-SCH 23982 bound to D1 sites in the basal ganglia with very high affinity (Kd values of 55-125 pM), specificity (70-85% of binding was displaced by 5 microM cis-flupenthixol), and in a saturable manner (Bmax values of 65-176 fmol/mg protein). Specific 125I-SCH 23982 binding was displaced by the selective D1 antagonists SCH 23390 (IC50 = 90 pM) and cis-flupenthixol (IC50 = 200 pM) and the D1 agonist SKF 38393 (IC50 = 110 nM) but not by D2-selective ligands (I-sulpiride, LY 171555) or the S2 antagonist cinanserin. Compared with 3H-SCH 23390, the 5- to 10-fold greater affinity for the D1 site and 50-fold greater specific radioactivity of 125I-SCH 23982 makes it an excellent radioligand for labeling the D1 receptor. The concentrations of D1 sites were greatest in the medial substantia nigra and exceeded by over 50% the concentration of D1 sites in the lateral substantia nigra, caudoputamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, and entopeduncular nucleus. Lower concentrations of D1 sites were present in the internal capsule, dorsomedial frontal cortex, claustrum, and layer 6 of the neocortex. D1 sites were absent in the ventral tegmental area. Intrastriatal injections of the axon-sparing neurotoxin, quinolinic acid, depleted by 87% and by 46-58% the concentrations of displaceable D1 sites in the ipsilateral caudoputamen and medial and central pars reticulata of the substantia nigra, respectively. No D1 sites were lost in the lateral substantia nigra. Destruction of up to 94% of the mesostriatal dopaminergic projection with 6-hydroxydopamine did not reduce D1 binding nor, with one exception, increase striatal or nigral D1 receptor concentrations. 125I-SCH 23982 selectively labels D1 binding sites on striatonigral neurons with picomolar affinity, and these neurons contain the majority of D1 sites in rat brain[J Neurosci. 1987 Jan;7(1):213-222.].

Dopamine D(1)/D(5) receptor agonists may enhance cognition by mimicking dopamine's neurophysiological actions on the processes underlying learning and memory. The present study examined the task- and performance- dependence of the cognitive effects of a partial agonist at dopamine D(1)/D(5) receptors, SKF-38393 [(+/-)-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(1H)-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide], in rats. Spatial working memory was assessed in a T-maze, spatial reference memory in a water maze and habituation learning in a novel environment, a hole board. The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist scopolamine (1.5 mg/kg, i.p.) was used to cause an impairment of performance of these learning tasks. Administration of SKF 38393 (6 mg/kg, i.p.) alone had no significant effect on spontaneous alternation in the T-maze, latency to escape to a hidden platform in the water maze or the habituation of spontaneous behaviour in the hole board. In contrast, in scopolamine-treated rats, whereas SKF 38393 prevented the scopolamine-induced deficit in the T-maze, it exacerbated the impairment in the water maze and did not significantly alter the disruption of habituation. These results suggest that dopamine D(1)/D(5) receptor activation has performance- and task-dependent effects on cognitive function.[2]

---

Experimental design and drug treatments [2]
The experiment was designed to determine the effects of the dopamine D1/D5 receptor partial agonist SKF-38393 [(±)-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(1H)-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide] (Tocris Cookson, Bristol, UK) on the performance of behavioural tasks carried out in a Morris water maze, a hole-board and a T-maze. The behavioural effects of SKF 38393 were tested in non-impaired controls and in scopolamine-treated animals (scopolamine hydrobromide, also Tocris Cookson). SKF 38393 was dissolved in saline and scopolamine in water. The animals were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups, each group receiving two injections: (1) a group that received water and saline injections, termed the “Veh + Sal” group; (2) a group that received water and 6 mg/kg SKF-38393, termed the “Veh + SKF 38393” group; (3) a group that received 1.5 mg/kg scopolamine and saline, termed the “Scop + Sal” group; and (4) a group that received 1.5 mg/kg scopolamine and 6 mg/kg SKF 38393, termed the “Scop + SKF 38393” group. Animals received two intraperitoneal (i.p., 1 ml/kg) injections in quick succession 30 min before behavioural testing began. Injections of SKF 38393 and scopolamine were given in random order. The dose and method of administration of SKF 38393 were chosen on the basis of pilot studies and the results reported by Levin and Rose (1991).

---

Dissolved in saline; 6 mg/kg; i.p. injection

Male Wistar rats

[1]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.1995 Mar 28;92(7):2446-50;
[2]. Eur J Pharmacol.2007 Dec 22;577(1-3):71-7.

1-Phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzozazepine-7,8-diol is a benzozazepine compound with the structure 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzozazepine, containing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxyl substituents at positions 7 and 8. It is a benzozazepine compound belonging to the catechol class and is also a secondary amine compound. It is a selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist, primarily used as a research tool. A D1/D5 receptor agonist positively coupled to adenylate cyclase specifically induces a slow-developing and sustained enhancement of the excitatory postsynaptic potential in the hippocampal CA1 region. This enhancement can be blocked by the specific D1/D5 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 and inhibited by cAMP agonist-induced enhancement. D2 receptor agonists (negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase via Gαi) do not induce enhancement. Although this slow D1/D5 agonist-induced enhancement is partly independent of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, it appears to share some steps with the late phase of long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by three repetitive neural stimulations of the Schaffer collateral pathway and can be inhibited by the latter. Similarly, the D1/D5 antagonist SCH 23390 attenuates the late phase of repetitive stimulation-induced LTP, while the D1/D5 agonist-induced enhancement can be blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitor aniline. These results suggest that the D1/D5 receptor may be involved in the late, protein synthesis-dependent component of LTP in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, either as a cofactor or as a mediator directly involved in the late component. [1]

---

The effects of SKF-38393 were clearly correlated with experimental performance: SKF-38393-induced changes in learning ability were observed in rats treated with scopolamine and with impaired experimental performance, while no such changes were observed in well-performing control rats. However, poor performance in all experiments did not predict the learning-enhancing effects of SKF-38393. This contrasts with the performance-dependent effects of a complete dopamine D1/D5 receptor agonist in normal rats learning various tasks. In normal rats, poor performance at long delays was improved, while good performance at short delays was impaired (Floresco et al., 2001; Chudasama and Robbins, 2004; Hotte et al., 2005). Our results suggest that poor task performance alone does not appear sufficient to reveal the learning-enhancing effects of dopamine D1/D5 receptor activation. Another task-dependent effect of SKF-38393 on performance may be due to the fact that optimal learning on different tasks requires different levels of dopaminergic activity (Chudasama and Robbins, 2004). Therefore, a fixed dose of the drug may lead to overstimulation of dopamine D1/D5 receptors, thus adversely affecting performance on some tasks, while optimal receptor stimulation may enhance performance on others. Although partial agonists like SKF 38393 are not expected to cause as much overstimulation of dopamine D1/D5 receptors as full agonists, current findings suggest that the use of partial agonists may not avoid adverse effects on certain types of learning and memory, even if the dosage can enhance other types of learning and memory. [2]

C16H17NO2

255.32

255.126

C, 75.27; H, 6.71; N, 5.49; O, 12.53

67287-49-4

67287-49-4;62717-42-4 (HCl);81702-42-3 (R-isomer HCl);62751-59-1 (R-isomer); 20012-10-6 (HBr);

1242

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

1.209g/cm3

467.1ºC at 760mmHg

180.1ºC

2.704

3

3

1

19

291

0

C1=CC=C(C=C1)C2CNCCC3=CC(=C(C=C32)O)O

JUDKOGFHZYMDMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C16H17NO2/c18-15-8-12-6-7-17-10-14(13(12)9-16(15)19)11-4-2-1-3-5-11/h1-5,8-9,14,17-19H,6-7,10H2

5-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

---

Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

View More

Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

---

Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

View More

Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

---

Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

---

 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)