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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate does not have a specific biological receptor; its function is chemical and physical. It serves as a chelating agent, sequestering metal ions such as calcium, magnesium, and iron. It acts as a pyrophosphate donor in inorganic chemistry and as a buffering agent to maintain alkaline pH in formulations. It is also used to prevent caking in powdered products and to stabilize emulsions.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, tetrasodium pyrophosphate is used in biochemical assays to inhibit calcium-dependent processes. At concentrations of 1-10 mM, it chelates Ca2+ and Mg2+, affecting enzyme activities that depend on these cofactors. It is a classic inhibitor of pyrophosphatases and is used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to prevent the formation of pyrophosphate crystals during amplification. It also functions as a solubility enhancer and dispersing agent for fine particles in suspension.
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| ln Vivo |
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate is not used as a drug in animals but is widely used in food and oral care products. In toothpaste formulations, it acts as a tartar control agent by preventing the accumulation of calcium phosphate crystals on teeth. It is also added to processed meat products as an emulsifier and texture improver. In research, it may be administered orally to rodents in feeding studies as part of the diet to assess general safety.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The chelating activity of tetrasodium pyrophosphate can be determined by titration with EDTA or colorimetrically using an indicator such as xylenol orange. In a typical assay, 1 mL of 10 mM TSPP is mixed with 1 mL of 10 mM CaCl2 solution in Tris‑HCl buffer (pH 7.4). The free Ca2+ is measured using a Ca2+‑sensitive electrode or by a fluorescent probe (Fluo‑4). Pyrophosphate is quantified by conversion to orthophosphate using a pyrophosphatase, followed by a malachite green phosphate assay (absorbance at 620 nm).
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| Cell Assay |
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate is not typically added directly to cell culture media as a supplement, as high concentrations can precipitate calcium and magnesium ions, affecting cell growth. It can be used in mineralizing media for osteoblast differentiation studies (1-5 mM) to provide a source of pyrophosphate. It also regulates mineralization in cartilage and bone cell models. Cell viability is typically measured by Alizarin Red staining for mineralization or by standard MTT assays.
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| Animal Protocol |
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate is administered to animals as part of dietary or safety studies. For an acute toxicity study, rats (n=5 per dose) receive a single oral gavage dose of TSPP solution (500-5000 mg/kg). Animals are observed for 14 days for signs of toxicity (diarrhea, lethargy, weight loss, mortality). At termination, major organs (liver, kidney, heart) are weighed and examined histologically. No significant organ damage is expected at lower doses.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Metabolism/Metabolites
Pyrophosphate is hydrolyzed into orthophosphate in the intestine. Tetrasodium pyrophosphate is an inorganic salt with high water solubility (3.16 g/100 mL cold water). After oral administration, it is partially hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract by phosphatases to orthophosphate, which is then absorbed. The non‑absorbed portion acts osmotically and is eliminated in the feces. Absorbed phosphate is excreted renally. The systemic availability of intact pyrophosphate is low. It is stable and not metabolized by liver enzymes. The molecule has a molecular weight of 265.90 Da. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity Summary
Identification and Uses: This chemical is a colorless, transparent crystal, white powder, or granules. Odorless; slightly soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and ammonia. This chemical is used as a cleaning agent; in oil well drilling; water treatment; cheese emulsification; as a general chelating agent for rust removal; as a component of single-component ink removers; and for metal electrodeposition. It is also used in textile dyeing; wool washing; as a buffer; food additive; detergent auxiliaries; water softeners; and dispersants. Human Contact and Toxicity: Alkaline and irritating. Ingestion may cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Medical reports of acute exposure have shown mild to moderate skin and eye reactions. Animal Studies: High concentrations of tetrasodium pyrophosphate added to rat feed caused kidney damage. This chemical is teratogenic to chicken embryos. Acute studies have shown that direct exposure can cause severe eye irritation and corneal damage in rabbits and may be irritating to the skin. Ingestion of this chemical is considered moderately toxic and may induce metabolic acidosis and hypocalcemia. Interaction ……Sodium pyrophosphate can inhibit the deposition of calcium salts and the formation of calcifiable matrix in the aorta of rats treated with high doses of vitamin D. The oral LD₅0 of tetrasodium pyrophosphate in rats is approximately >2000 mg/kg, indicating low acute toxicity. However, high doses may cause gastrointestinal distress (diarrhea, nausea) due to osmotic effects. It is classified as an irritant; direct contact may cause skin and eye irritation. It should be handled with PPE (gloves, goggles). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set acceptable daily intake levels for it as a food additive. |
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate is an odorless white powder or granules. Melting point: 995 °C. Density: 2.53 g/cm³. Water solubility: 3.16 g/100 mL (cold water); 40.26 g/100 mL (boiling water). Used as a wool degreasing agent, bleaching agent, and food additive. Related substance: Tetrasodium pyrophosphate decahydrate (Na₄P₂O₇·10H₂O) is a colorless transparent crystal. It loses water when heated to 93.8 °C. Sodium pyrophosphate is an inorganic sodium salt composed of one phosphate (⁴⁻) anion and four sodium (¹⁺) cations. Its more common name is tetrasodium pyrophosphate, used as an emulsifier in the food industry and as a calcium chelating salt in oral hygiene. It can be used as a food emulsifier, chelating agent, and food thickener. It contains diphosphate (4-). See also: pyrophosphate (containing the active component); silica; sodium pyrophosphate (ingredient)... See more...
Mechanism of Action Arsenic herbicides are not growth regulators in the sense of plant hormones. They... inhibit plant growth through enzyme systems. They slowly kill plants; the initial symptoms are... yellowing leaves, cessation of growth, and gradual yellowing, then browning, and finally dehydration and death. /Organic Arsenic Herbicides/ Tetrasodium pyrophosphate is not a drug; it is a food additive (E450) and industrial chemical. In the food industry, it is used as an emulsifier, sequestrant, and water-binding agent. In oral care, it is a key ingredient in anti‑tartar toothpaste. In research, it is widely used as a chelator and buffering agent. It is also used in oil drilling fluids and water treatment as a dispersant. It is not for human injection or therapeutic use and is strictly for research and industrial applications. |
| Molecular Formula |
NA4O7P2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
265.90
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| Exact Mass |
265.871
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| CAS # |
7722-88-5
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| Related CAS # |
10042-91-8 (unspecified hydrochloride salt);13472-36-1 (tetra-hydrochloride salt decahydrate);14691-80-6 (tri-hydrochloride salt);7758-16-9 (di-hydrochloride salt)
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| PubChem CID |
24403
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| Appearance |
CRYSTALS
COLORLESS, TRANSPARENT CRYSTALS OR WHITE POWDER White powder or granules. |
| Density |
2.53 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
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| Boiling Point |
93.8 °C
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| Melting Point |
1810 °F (NIOSH, 2024)
; 988 °C
; 988 °C
; 993 °C
; 1810 °F
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| LogP |
0.941
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
7
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
13
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| Complexity |
124
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
P(=O)([O-])([O-])OP(=O)([O-])[O-].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+]
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| InChi Key |
FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/4Na.H4O7P2/c;;;;1-8(2,3)7-9(4,5)6/h;;;;(H2,1,2,3)(H2,4,5,6)/q4*+1;/p-4
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| Chemical Name |
tetrasodium;phosphonato phosphate
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| Synonyms |
Sodium pyrophosphate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.7608 mL | 18.8041 mL | 37.6081 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7522 mL | 3.7608 mL | 7.5216 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3761 mL | 1.8804 mL | 3.7608 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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