| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R). Also exhibits affinity for other melanocortin receptors.
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| ln Vitro |
At doses between 100 and 400 nM, ACTH 1-39 exhibits no toxic effects on neurons; however, it offers protection against excitotoxic neuronal death caused by glutamate (100 μM), NMDA (1 mM), AMPA (50 μM), and kainate (25 μM). In every situation, significant protection is offered by ACTH at 400 nM. Neurons are shielded against quinolinic acid (25 μM) by ACTH at 200 or 400 nM. Moreover, 2 μM H2O2, which produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), induces cell death that is prevented by ACTH; at 400 nM ACTH, there is noticeably greater protection than at 200 nM. While ACTH does not prevent gradual release of nitric oxide (NO) by NOC-18, it does provide some protection against the fast production of NO by NOC-12. The classic inducer of cell death through apoptosis, staurosporine (10–20 nM), is cytotoxic to neurons. However, ACTH (200–400 nM) shields neurons from its effects. Cell death is reduced by ACTH from 80% to 55%[1].
At concentrations of 100-400 nM, ACTH (1-39) has no toxic effect on neurons; rather, it provides protection against excitotoxic neuronal death induced by glutamate (100 microM), NMDA (1 mM), AMPA (50 microM), and kainate (25 microM). It also shields neurons against oxidative stress (H2O2). |
| ln Vivo |
In comparison to the saline/IgG group, the cumulative food consumption during the observation time is dramatically reduced by the icv injection of ACTH. The anorexigenic action of ACTH is eliminated when ACTH Ab is injected into the PVN. Rats receiving α-MSH Ab into the PVN and ACTH icv had much lower cumulative food consumption after ACTH infusion; in fact, food intake is the same as in the group treated with ACTH icv and IgG into the PVN. When injecting either ACTH Ab or α-MSH Ab into PVN, the animals' cumulative food intake increases dramatically when compared to IgG-treated mice; however, applying both Ab together does not result in a greater rise in food intake[2].
In vivo, ICV injection of ACTH (1-39) reduces cumulative food intake compared to control, demonstrating an anorexigenic effect. This effect is eliminated when ACTH antibody is injected into the PVN, confirming the specificity of this hypothalamic pathway. |
| Enzyme Assay |
A standard binding assay uses rat adrenal membranes. The membranes are incubated with [125I]-ACTH (human) to label rat MC2Rs. Unlabeled rat ACTH (1-39) TFA is added to compete for binding. After incubation, the reaction is filtered, and the retained radioactivity is measured to calculate Ki.
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| Cell Assay |
Primary rat forebrain neurons are isolated and cultured. They are pre-treated with rat ACTH (1-39) (100-400 nM) for 30 min, then exposed to excitotoxins (e.g., glutamate) for 24h. Cell viability is measured by MTT or LDH assay. Apoptosis is confirmed by measuring caspase-3 activity or TUNEL staining.
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| Animal Protocol |
Male Wistar rats (225-250 g) receive an ICV injection of rat ACTH (1-39) (1 nM/rat). Food intake is monitored for a set period post-injection. To study the mechanism, animals are pre-treated with an anti-ACTH antibody in the PVN before the ICV ACTH injection to block the effect.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
As a peptide, ACTH (1-39) has a short plasma half-life (minutes) due to rapid proteolytic degradation. For research involving central effects, it is typically administered via intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection to bypass the blood-brain barrier and ensure CNS bioavailability.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
No specific toxicity is reported for rat ACTH (1-39). In vitro, it is neuroprotective at 100-400 nM and shows no cytotoxic effects. In vivo, central administration reduces food intake but does not cause acute toxicity. However, chronic activation of the HPA axis can lead to metabolic and immune dysregulation.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
The full-length 1-39 sequence is the naturally occurring form in both rats and humans, though the rat sequence differs slightly from human ACTH. It is widely used to study stress, appetite regulation, and neuroprotection. Research indicates that ACTH protects rat forebrain neurons from apoptotic, excitotoxic, and inflammation-related damage, suggesting potential therapeutic applications beyond adrenal stimulation.
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| Molecular Formula |
C212H316F3N57O59S
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
4696.18
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| Related CAS # |
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (1-39), rat;77465-10-2
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O :~100 mg/mL (~21.29 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.2129 mL | 1.0647 mL | 2.1294 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.0426 mL | 0.2129 mL | 0.4259 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0213 mL | 0.1065 mL | 0.2129 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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