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| Targets |
Uric acid targets oxidative stress pathways as an antioxidant. It scavenges oxygen radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). It helps maintain blood pressure stability. Uric acid is a significant compound in human metabolism with various biological activities. The 15N-labeled form is used to trace uric acid metabolism.
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| ln Vitro |
Drug compounds have included stable heavy isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements, mostly as quantitative tracers while the drugs were being developed. Because deuteration may have an effect on a drug's pharmacokinetics and metabolic properties, it is a cause for concern [1].
In vitro, uric acid acts as a potent antioxidant, scavenging free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative stress. It inhibits lipid peroxidation. The 15N-labeled form is used to study uric acid metabolism and antioxidant mechanisms in cell culture. Uric acid's antioxidant activity is assessed by measuring ROS scavenging in various biochemical assays. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, uric acid is a crucial antioxidant that helps maintain blood pressure stability and combat oxidative stress. It is involved in purine metabolism and is excreted in urine. The 15N-labeled form is used in metabolic studies to trace uric acid production and elimination. Elevated uric acid levels are associated with gout and kidney disease.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for xanthine oxidase (which produces uric acid) involve incubating the enzyme with xanthine and measuring uric acid production spectrophotometrically at 290 nm. Uric acid-15N2 is used as an internal standard for quantification by LC-MS/MS. Antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) are used to measure uric acid's radical scavenging activity. The compound's effects on ROS are assessed using fluorescent probes.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell assays, cells are cultured in medium supplemented with uric acid-15N2 at concentrations of 0.1-10 mM. ROS levels are measured using fluorescent probes such as DCFH-DA. Cell viability is assessed by MTT assay. Uric acid metabolism is analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Antioxidant effects are evaluated by measuring lipid peroxidation (MDA) and glutathione levels. The compound's protective effects against oxidative stress are assessed in cells treated with oxidants.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal studies, uric acid-15N2 is administered to rodents via oral gavage or intravenous injection at doses of 10-100 mg/kg. Blood and urine samples are collected for pharmacokinetic analysis. Uric acid levels are quantified by LC-MS/MS using the 15N-labeled compound as an internal standard. Metabolic flux analysis traces 15N incorporation into uric acid and related purine metabolites. Oxidative stress markers are measured to assess antioxidant effects.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Uric acid-15N2 has a molecular weight approximately 2 Da higher than unlabeled uric acid. It is soluble in water and alkaline solutions. The compound is stable under standard storage conditions. The 15N labeling at positions 1 and 3 of the purine ring provides a mass shift of +2 Da for MS detection. Uric acid is metabolized through purine degradation pathways.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Uric acid is generally recognized as safe at physiological concentrations. The 15N-labeled form is not expected to exhibit additional toxicity. However, elevated uric acid levels are associated with gout, kidney stones, and cardiovascular disease. The compound is for research use only. No specific toxicity data are available for the labeled form.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Uric acid-15N2 (CAS# 62948-75-8) is a stable isotope-labeled compound used primarily as an internal standard for the quantification of uric acid by mass spectrometry. It has not been investigated in clinical trials nor approved as a therapeutic drug. The compound is widely used in research on purine metabolism, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular disease. The 15N-labeled form enables precise quantification of uric acid in complex biological matrices.
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| Molecular Formula |
C5H4N215N2O3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
170.10
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| Exact Mass |
170.022
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| CAS # |
62948-75-8
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| Related CAS # |
Uric acid;69-93-2
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| PubChem CID |
16213490
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.87g/cm3
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| Melting Point |
>300ºC(lit.)
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| Index of Refraction |
1.721
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| LogP |
-1.9
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
332
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C12=C(NC(=O)N1)[15NH]C(=O)[15NH]C2=O
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| InChi Key |
LEHOTFFKMJEONL-IOOOXAEESA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C5H4N4O3/c10-3-1-2(7-4(11)6-1)8-5(12)9-3/h(H4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12)/i8+1,9+1
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| Chemical Name |
7,9-dihydro-3H-purine-2,6,8-trione
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.8789 mL | 29.3945 mL | 58.7889 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1758 mL | 5.8789 mL | 11.7578 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5879 mL | 2.9394 mL | 5.8789 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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