| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg | |||
| 500mg | |||
| 250mL | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Lycobetaine targets multiple molecular targets. It effectively inhibits mammalian and bacterial type I and type II topoisomerases, enzymes essential for DNA replication and transcription. It shows strong acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 0.35 μM, making it relevant for neurological research. Its antimicrobial activity against fungi and bacteria suggests additional targets related to pathogen survival. The compound can inhibit mitochondrial membrane potential, which may be useful in treating viral infections and autoimmune diseases. Its diverse target profile underlies its broad-spectrum biological activities.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Lycobetaine has demonstrated potent antimicrobial and enzyme inhibitory activities. It is a potential biofungicide against Penicillium roqueforti and Aspergillus niger. It has strong antibacterial activity against Flavobacterium columnare. It shows strong acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 0.35 μM. It has antiprotozoal activity, showing good activity in vitro against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and T. cruzi. Lycobetaine can inhibit mitochondrial membrane potential, which may contribute to its antimicrobial and potential antiviral effects.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Lycobetaine has been studied for its potential in treating various conditions. Its acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity suggests potential for treating symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders. Its ability to inhibit mitochondrial membrane potential may be useful in treating viral infections and autoimmune diseases. However, detailed in vivo efficacy and safety data are limited. The compound is primarily used in research applications. Further studies are needed to fully characterize its in vivo biological activity, therapeutic potential, and safety profile. The compound is intended for research use only.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For in vitro biochemical assays, Lycobetaine is evaluated for its enzyme inhibitory and antimicrobial activities. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition is measured using Ellman's assay with acetylthiocholine as substrate, determining IC50 values (0.35 μM). Topoisomerase inhibition is assessed using enzyme activity assays with supercoiled DNA substrates. Antimicrobial activity is evaluated using broth microdilution or agar diffusion methods to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against fungi and bacteria. Antiprotozoal activity is assessed using parasite viability assays. Mitochondrial membrane potential can be measured using fluorescent dyes such as JC-1. These cell-free and cell-based assays help characterize the compound's multiple biological activities.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for Lycobetaine are performed using various cell types including cancer cells, neuronal cells, and pathogen cultures. Cells are cultured in standard media and treated with the compound at various concentrations. Acetylcholinesterase activity is measured in cell lysates using colorimetric assays. Cell viability is assessed using MTT or trypan blue exclusion assays. Apoptosis is evaluated by measuring caspase activity and mitochondrial membrane potential. Antimicrobial activity is tested against bacterial and fungal cultures. Antiprotozoal activity is assessed using parasite cultures. These cellular assays help validate the compound's enzyme inhibitory and antimicrobial activities.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with Lycobetaine are limited. As a compound with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, it could be studied in models of Alzheimer's disease or other neurological disorders. Its antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities suggest potential for studying infection models. The compound could be administered via oral gavage, intraperitoneal injection, or intravenous injection. Efficacy endpoints would depend on the specific disease model and could include cognitive function improvement, pathogen load reduction, or survival. Researchers should consult the primary literature for any available in vivo protocols and data. The compound's safety and tolerability would be monitored through body weight, clinical signs, and histopathology.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of Lycobetaine are not extensively documented. As an alkaloid with a molecular weight of 266.27, it is expected to have moderate oral bioavailability and good tissue distribution. The compound is soluble in ethanol (5 mg/mL). Detailed PK parameters such as half-life, Cmax, Tmax, AUC, and protein binding are not available in the literature. The compound should be stored as a powder at -20°C for up to three years and in solution at -80°C for up to one year. Researchers should consult the primary literature for any available pharmacokinetic data.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of Lycobetaine is not extensively characterized. As a natural alkaloid with diverse biological activities, it may have dose-dependent toxicity at high concentrations. The compound's ability to inhibit mitochondrial membrane potential suggests potential for cytotoxicity. Comprehensive toxicity studies including acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity assessments are limited. The compound is intended for research use only and not for human therapeutic applications. Researchers should follow standard laboratory safety practices when handling Lycobetaine. Its effects at high concentrations and potential interactions with other drugs or compounds have not been fully investigated.
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| Additional Infomation |
According to reports, snow lotus, sea pelt, and other organisms with available data contain ungeremine.
Lycobetaine is a valuable research tool for studying acetylcholinesterase inhibition, topoisomerase function, and antimicrobial activity. Its potent AChE inhibition (IC50 = 0.35 μM) makes it useful for investigating cholinergic signaling and developing treatments for neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Its ability to target both mammalian and bacterial topoisomerases provides opportunities for studying DNA replication and developing antimicrobial agents. The compound's broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities make it relevant for infectious disease research. Lycobetaine's effects on mitochondrial membrane potential are relevant for studies on mitochondrial function and cell death. |
| Molecular Formula |
C16H12NO3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
266.2714
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| Exact Mass |
266.081
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| CAS # |
72510-04-4
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| Related CAS # |
61221-41-8 (acetate salt)
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| PubChem CID |
159646
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| LogP |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
20
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| Complexity |
403
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
O1C([H])([H])OC2=C1C([H])=C1C(=C2[H])C([H])=[N+]2C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C3C([H])=C(C([H])=C1C2=3)O[H]
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| InChi Key |
DFQOXFIPAAMFAU-UHFFFAOYSA-O
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C16H11NO3/c18-11-3-9-1-2-17-7-10-4-14-15(20-8-19-14)6-12(10)13(5-11)16(9)17/h3-7H,1-2,8H2/p+1
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| Chemical Name |
5,7-dioxa-12-azoniapentacyclo[10.6.1.02,10.04,8.015,19]nonadeca-1(18),2,4(8),9,11,15(19),16-heptaen-17-ol
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.7556 mL | 18.7779 mL | 37.5559 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7511 mL | 3.7556 mL | 7.5112 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3756 mL | 1.8778 mL | 3.7556 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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