| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 500mg |
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| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
Purity: ≥98%
| Targets |
Endogenous Metabolite
Guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) targets a wide range of proteins, including GTPases, RNA polymerases, and G proteins. GTPases are molecular switches that hydrolyze GTP to GDP, regulating diverse cellular processes including signal transduction, protein synthesis, and vesicular trafficking. G proteins (heterotrimeric GTPases) are activated by GPCRs and transmit signals from cell surface receptors to intracellular effectors. GTP is also a substrate for RNA polymerases during transcription. As a high-energy nucleotide, GTP provides energy for various biosynthetic reactions. |
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| ln Vitro |
The extracellular guanosine 5'-triphosphate, GTP, has been demonstrated to be an enhancer of myogenic cell differentiation in a murine cell line, not yet in human muscle cells. Our hypothesis was that GTP could influence also human skeletal muscle regeneration, specifically in the first phases. We tested GTP stimulus on human muscle precursor cells established in culture by human satellite cells derived from Vastus Lateralis of three young male. Our data show that extracellular GTP (a) up-regulated miRNA (specifically miR133a and miR133b) and myogenic regulator factor and (b) induces human myogenic precursor cells to release exosomes stuffed with guanosine based molecules (mainly guanosine) in the extracellular milieu. We think that probably these exosomes could be addressed to influence by means of their content (mainly guanosine) in paracrine or autocrine manner the surrounding cells and/or at distance other muscles or tissues[1].
In vitro, GTP disodium salt serves as a substrate or cofactor for numerous enzymatic reactions. It is used in GTPase activity assays, where the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP is measured to assess the activity of GTPases. It is also used in protein synthesis assays (in vitro translation), where it provides energy for peptide bond formation. In cell signaling assays, GTP is used to study G protein activation and downstream signaling pathways. These in vitro activities confirm its essential role in cellular metabolism and signaling. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, GTP is an essential nucleotide that plays a critical role in cellular metabolism and signaling. It is involved in protein synthesis, signal transduction, and DNA/RNA biosynthesis. GTP is synthesized de novo from guanosine monophosphate (GMP) and is regenerated from GDP through phosphorylation. Its levels are tightly regulated in cells. GTP is also a substrate for the synthesis of cyclic GMP (cGMP), a second messenger involved in vasodilation and phototransduction. In vivo studies have shown that GTP is critical for normal cellular function.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro assays for GTP disodium salt typically measure its hydrolysis by GTPases. These assays use radiolabeled GTP (e.g., [γ-32P]GTP) or fluorescent GTP analogs. The enzyme is incubated with GTP, and the production of GDP and inorganic phosphate is measured. For protein synthesis assays, GTP is used as a substrate for translation in cell-free systems. For G protein activation assays, GTPγS (a non-hydrolyzable GTP analog) is used to measure G protein activation. These assays are fundamental tools in cell signaling research.
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| Cell Assay |
The MPCs were plated at a confluence of 15,000 cells/cm2 and maintained for 2 days in Growth Medium. After 2 days in GM, the cells were cultivated with fresh GM for additional 24 h (CTR-undiff) or stimulated by addition of 500 μM GTP for the following 24 h (GTP-undiff). Differentiation was induced by replacing the GM with the Differentiation Medium (DM) on cells plated on growth condition 3 days before. The differentiating cells were regularly cultivated for 24 h (CTR-diff) or stimulated by addition of 500 μM GTP for 24 h (GTP-diff)[1].
In vitro cellular assays with GTP disodium salt are not typically performed, as GTP is a ubiquitous intracellular metabolite rather than a drug. However, GTP can be introduced into cells using permeabilization or microinjection to study its effects on signaling pathways. GTP analogs such as GTPγS are used to study G protein activation in cell lysates or permeabilized cells. GTP is also used in cell-free systems for studying signal transduction and protein synthesis. |
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with GTP disodium salt are not typically performed, as GTP is a natural metabolite rather than a therapeutic agent. However, GTP metabolism can be studied in animal models to understand nucleotide homeostasis and its role in disease. GTP levels can be measured in tissues using HPLC or LC-MS. Studies of GTP depletion or overproduction can provide insights into metabolic and signaling pathways.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic data for GTP disodium salt are not relevant, as GTP is an intracellular metabolite rather than a drug. It is synthesized endogenously and is not administered therapeutically. Its intracellular concentration is tightly regulated by synthesis and degradation pathways. The compound is soluble in water and is stored at cool temperatures. It is available in high purity for research applications.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
GTP disodium salt is a naturally occurring nucleotide and is not considered a toxic compound. It is essential for normal cellular function. No significant toxicity has been reported from its use in research applications. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed when handling the compound.
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| References |
[1]. Extracellular Guanosine 5'-Triphosphate Induces Human Muscle Satellite Cells to Release Exosomes Stuffed With Guanosine. Front Pharmacol. 2018 Mar 16;9:152.
[2]. Functionally nonequivalent interactions of guanosine 5'-triphosphate, inosine 5'-triphosphate, and xanthosine 5'-triphosphate with the retinal G-protein, transducin, and with Gi-proteins in HL-60 leukemia cell membranes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1997 Sep 1;54(5):551-62. |
| Additional Infomation |
GTP is guanosine 5'-phosphate and purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate. It is an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite, and an inhibitor of uncoupling proteins. It is the conjugate acid of GTP(3-). Guanosine triphosphate is a metabolite found or produced in Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). Guanosine-5'-triphosphate has also been reported in sunflower, Arabidopsis thaliana, and some other organisms with relevant data. Guanosine triphosphate is a purine nucleoside triphosphate composed of a guanine and a triphosphate group, which are bound to a ribose group at their 1' and 5' sites, respectively. Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) can be used as a substrate for nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) synthesis, an energy source for protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis, and a signaling molecule. GTP is a metabolite found or produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrotriphosphate). A guanine nucleotide whose sugar moiety is esterified with three phosphate groups.
Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt is a purine trinucleotide that serves as a phosphoryl donor and a substrate for RNA polymerases and GTPases. It is also known as GTP disodium salt. The compound is used in biochemical research as a cofactor for various enzymatic reactions and as a substrate for GTP-binding proteins. It is a high-energy precursor in the biosynthesis of nucleotide units in DNA and RNA. GTP is involved in cell signaling, protein synthesis, and other essential cellular processes. It is available in high purity for research applications. |
| Molecular Formula |
C₁₀H₁₄N₅NA₂O₁₄P₃
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
567.14
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| Exact Mass |
566.954
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| CAS # |
56001-37-7
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| Related CAS # |
Guanosine 5'-triphosphate trisodium salt; 36051-31-7;Guanosine 5'-triphosphate trisodium salt hydrate;207300-85-4;Guanosine triphosphate tritris;103192-46-7;Guanosine triphosphate;
86-01-1
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| PubChem CID |
135398633
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
1028.3ºC at 760mmHg
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| Melting Point |
180°C
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| Flash Point |
575.7ºC
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| LogP |
-5.7
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
8
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
16
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
8
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| Heavy Atom Count |
32
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| Complexity |
927
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
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| SMILES |
P(=O)(O[H])(OP(=O)(O[H])OP(=O)(O[H])O[H])OC([H])([H])[C@]1([H])[C@]([H])([C@]([H])([C@]([H])(N2C([H])=NC3C(N([H])C(N([H])[H])=NC2=3)=O)O1)O[H])O[H]
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| InChi Key |
XKMLYUALXHKNFT-UUOKFMHZSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H16N5O14P3/c11-10-13-7-4(8(18)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(17)5(16)3(27-9)1-26-31(22,23)29-32(24,25)28-30(19,20)21/h2-3,5-6,9,16-17H,1H2,(H,22,23)(H,24,25)(H2,19,20,21)(H3,11,13,14,18)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate
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| Synonyms |
Guanosine5'triphosphate disodium salt; 56001-37-7; GUANOSINE-5'-TRIPHOSPHATE DISODIUM SALT; Guanosine 5'-triphosphate disodium salt; Guanosine-5'-triphosphoric aicd disodium salt; disodium;[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-3H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-oxidophosphoryl] phosphono phosphate; MFCD00083629; 5'-GTP disodium salt; SCHEMBL20578211; Guanosine 5' triphosphate disodium salt
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.7632 mL | 8.8162 mL | 17.6323 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3526 mL | 1.7632 mL | 3.5265 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1763 mL | 0.8816 mL | 1.7632 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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