| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 50mg |
|
||
| 100mg |
|
||
| 250mg |
|
||
| 500mg |
|
||
| 1g |
|
||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Endogenous Metabolite
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
The extracellular guanosine 5'-triphosphate, GTP, has been demonstrated to be an enhancer of myogenic cell differentiation in a murine cell line, not yet in human muscle cells. Our hypothesis was that GTP could influence also human skeletal muscle regeneration, specifically in the first phases. We tested GTP stimulus on human muscle precursor cells established in culture by human satellite cells derived from Vastus Lateralis of three young male. Our data show that extracellular GTP (a) up-regulated miRNA (specifically miR133a and miR133b) and myogenic regulator factor and (b) induces human myogenic precursor cells to release exosomes stuffed with guanosine based molecules (mainly guanosine) in the extracellular milieu. We think that probably these exosomes could be addressed to influence by means of their content (mainly guanosine) in paracrine or autocrine manner the surrounding cells and/or at distance other muscles or tissues[1].
|
| Cell Assay |
The MPCs were plated at a confluence of 15,000 cells/cm2 and maintained for 2 days in Growth Medium. After 2 days in GM, the cells were cultivated with fresh GM for additional 24 h (CTR-undiff) or stimulated by addition of 500 μM GTP for the following 24 h (GTP-undiff). Differentiation was induced by replacing the GM with the Differentiation Medium (DM) on cells plated on growth condition 3 days before. The differentiating cells were regularly cultivated for 24 h (CTR-diff) or stimulated by addition of 500 μM GTP for 24 h (GTP-diff)[1].
|
| References |
[1]. Extracellular Guanosine 5'-Triphosphate Induces Human Muscle Satellite Cells to Release Exosomes Stuffed With Guanosine. Front Pharmacol. 2018 Mar 16;9:152.
[2]. Functionally nonequivalent interactions of guanosine 5'-triphosphate, inosine 5'-triphosphate, and xanthosine 5'-triphosphate with the retinal G-protein, transducin, and with Gi-proteins in HL-60 leukemia cell membranes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1997 Sep 1;54(5):551-62. |
| Additional Infomation |
protein-mediated signal transduction from receptors to effector systems. The α subunit of a G protein activates the effector system via guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) binding. Termination of G protein activation is accomplished by a high-affinity GTPase [EC 3.6.1.-] of its α subunit. Similar to GTP, inosine 5'-triphosphate (ITP) and xanthine 5'-triphosphate (XTP) also promote effector system activation. We investigated the interactions of GTP, ITP, and XTP with retinal G protein transducer (TD) and G proteins on the HL-60 leukemia cell membrane. The order of TD hydrolysis of nucleoside 5'-triphosphate (NTP) was GTP > ITP > XTP. The order of NTP elution of TD from the extracellular disc membrane of rod cells was also the same. ITP and XTP competitively inhibited TD-catalyzed GTP hydrolysis. In the HL-60 cell membrane, the chemokines N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) effectively activate Gi protein-mediated GTP and ITP hydrolysis. The activation potency of fMLP and LTB4 for ITPase is at least 10 times that for GTPase. Complement C5a effectively activates the GTPase activity of Gi protein, but its activation effect on ITPase is weaker. C5a has similar activating potency for GTP and ITP hydrolysis. The Km value of fMLP-activated GTPase is lower than that of fMLP-activated ITPase, while the Vmax value is the opposite. None of fMLP, C5a, or LTB4 activates XTP hydrolysis. Our data collectively indicate that GTP, ITP, and XTP have different binding affinities to G proteins, different efficiencies in G protein hydrolysis of NTPs, and that chemokines stimulate Gi proteins to hydrolyze GTP and ITP in a receptor-specific manner. Based on our results and literature data, we propose the following hypothesis: GTP, ITP, and XTP function as different signal amplifiers and signal sorters at the G protein level. [2]
|
| Molecular Formula |
C10H19N5NAO15P3
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
565.193415880203
|
| Exact Mass |
563.99
|
| CAS # |
207300-85-4
|
| Related CAS # |
Guanosine 5'-triphosphate trisodium salt;36051-31-7;Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt;56001-37-7
|
| PubChem CID |
168011740
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
9
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
17
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
8
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
34
|
| Complexity |
927
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
|
| SMILES |
O[C@@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)O[C@H]1N1C=NC2C(NC(N)=NC1=2)=O)O.[NaH].O
|
| InChi Key |
DTXOVEQJIGBCCS-LGVAUZIVSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H16N5O14P3.Na.H2O/c11-10-13-7-4(8(18)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(17)5(16)3(27-9)1-26-31(22,23)29-32(24,25)28-30(19,20)21;;/h2-3,5-6,9,16-17H,1H2,(H,22,23)(H,24,25)(H2,19,20,21)(H3,11,13,14,18);;1H2/q;+1;/t3-,5-,6-,9-;;/m1../s1
|
| Chemical Name |
sodium;[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate;hydrate
|
| Synonyms |
207300-85-4; ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-Amino-6-oxo-3,6-dihydro-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl tetrahydrogen triphosphate, sodium salt xhydrate; 36051-31-7; sodium triphosphate, guanosine hydrate
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ≥ 150 mg/mL (~254.61 mM)
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.7693 mL | 8.8466 mL | 17.6932 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3539 mL | 1.7693 mL | 3.5386 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1769 mL | 0.8847 mL | 1.7693 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
