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Enalapril Maleate (MK-421)

Alias: MK-421 Maleate; Glioten; Vasotec; Baripril; Maleate, Enalapril; MK 421; MK-421; MK421; Renitec; Renitek;
Cat No.:V1788 Purity: ≥98%
Enalapril maleate (formerly MK-421; MK421; Glioten; Vasotec; Baripril; Renitec; Renitek), the maleate salt of enalapril, is a potent nonsulfhydryl angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor widely used in the treatment of hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, and chronic heart failure.
Enalapril Maleate (MK-421)
Enalapril Maleate (MK-421) Chemical Structure CAS No.: 76095-16-4
Product category: RAAS
This product is for research use only, not for human use. We do not sell to patients.
Size Price Stock Qty
5g
10g
Other Sizes

Other Forms of Enalapril Maleate (MK-421):

  • Enalapril D5 maleate
  • Enalapril (MK-421)
Official Supplier of:
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Top Publications Citing lnvivochem Products
Purity & Quality Control Documentation

Purity: ≥98%

Product Description

Enalapril maleate (formerly MK-421; MK421; Glioten; Vasotec; Baripril; Renitec; Renitek), the maleate salt of enalapril, is a potent nonsulfhydryl angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor widely used in the treatment of hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, and chronic heart failure. Enalapril Maleate has been used to study diabetic angiopathy in diabetic rats and inhibition of ACE in hog plasma (I50=1.2nM). Enalapril treatment abolishes the deleterious effects of eNOS deficiency on blood pressure (BP), atherosclerosis, and kidney dysfunction in mice.

Biological Activity I Assay Protocols (From Reference)
ln Vitro

In vitro activity: Enalapril is rapidly converted by ester hydrolysis to enalaprilat, a potent ACE inhibitor; Enalapril itself is only a weak ACE inhibitor. Enalapril lowers peripheral vascular resistance without causing an increase in heart rate.

ln Vivo
MK-421, also known as enalapril, is a prodrug that is a member of the ACE inhibitor class of medicines. After oral administration, it is quickly converted by the liver to enalaprilat. ACE, the enzyme that converts angiotensin I (ATI) to angiotensin II (ATII), is strongly and competitively inhibited by enalapril (MK-421). Crucial to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is ATII, which controls blood pressure. Clinical conditions that can be treated with enalapril include symptomatic congestive heart failure and essential or renovascular hypertension[1].
Animal Protocol
oral
Rats
ADME/Pharmacokinetics
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Following oral administration, the peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of enalapril is achieved within 1 hour post dosing while the Cmax of enalaprilat occurs at three to four hours post dosing. The steady-state is achieved by the fourth daily dose and there is no accumulation with repeated dosing. However, accumulation of enalaprilat may occur in patients with creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min. Food intake is reported to have a minimal effect on drug absorption. Following oral administration, about 60% of enalapril was absorbed. Bioavailability of enalapril averaged about 40% when intravenous enalaprilat was used as a reference standard.
Enalapril is mainly eliminated through renal excretion, where approximately 94% of the total dose is excreted via urine or feces as either enalaprilat or unchanged parent compound. About 61% and 33% of the total dose can be recovered in the urine and feces, respectively. In the urine, about 40% of the recovered dose is in the form of enalaprilat.
The volume of distribution of enalapril has not been established. Enalaprilat is shown to penetrate into most tissuesm, in particular the kidneys and vascular tissuem, although penetration of the blood-brain barrier has not been demonstrated after administration at therapeutic doses. In dog studies, enalapril and enalaprilat cross the blood-brain barrier poorly. Minimal penetration occurs into breast milk but significant fetal transfer occurs. The drug crosses the placental barrier in rats and hamsters.
Following oral administration in healthy male volunteers, the renal clearance was approximately 158 ± 47 mL/min. It is reported that enalapril and enalaprilat are undetectable in the plasma by 4 hours post-dosing.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of IV enalapril at 0.50 mg/kg, PO placebo and PO enalapril at three different doses (0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 mg/kg) were analyzed in 7 healthy horses. Serum concentrations of enalapril and enalaprilat were determined for pharmacokinetic analysis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, serum ureic nitrogen (SUN), creatinine and electrolytes were measured, and blood pressure was monitored for pharmacodynamic analysis. The elimination half-lives of enalapril and enalaprilat were 0.67 and 2.76 hr respectively after IV enalapril. Enalapril concentrations after PO administrations were below the limit of quantification (10 ng/mL) in all horses and enalaprilat concentrations were below the limit of quantification in 4 of the 7 horses. Maximum mean ACE inhibitions from baseline were 88.38, 3.24, 21.69, 26.11 and 30.19% for IV enalapril at 0.50 mg/kg, placebo and PO enalapril at 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 mg/kg, respectively. Blood pressures, SUN, creatinine and electrolytes remained unchanged during the experiments.
Enalapril maleate, unlike enalaprilat, is well absorbed following oral administration. Although enalaprilat is a more potent angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor than enalapril, it is poorly absorbed from the GI tract because of its high polarity, with only about 3-12% of an orally administered dose being absorbed. Approximately 55-75% of an oral dose of enalapril maleate is rapidly absorbed from the GI tract in healthy individuals and hypertensive patients. Food does not appear to substantially affect the rate or extent of absorption of enalapril maleate. Following oral administration, enalapril maleate appears to undergo first pass metabolism principally in the liver, being hydrolyzed to enalaprilat.
The hypotensive effect of a single oral dose of enalapril maleate is usually apparent within 1 hr and maximal in 4-8 hr. The hypotensive effect of usual doses of the drug generally persists for 12-24 hr but may diminish toward the end of the dosing interval in some patients. Reduction in blood pressure may be gradual, and several weeks of therapy may be required before the full effect is achieved.
Following IV administration of enalaprilat, the hypotensive effect is usually apparent within 5-15 min with maximal effect occurring within 1-4 hr; the duration of hypotensive effect appears to be dose related, but with the recommended doses, the duration of action in most patients is approximately 6 hr. Plasma angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and reduction in blood pressure appear to be correlated to a plasma enalaprilat concentration of 10 ng/mL, a concentration at which maximal blockade of plasma angiotensin converting enzyme is achieved. After withdrawal of enalapril or enalaprilat, blood pressure gradually returns to pretreatment levels; rebound hypertension following abrupt withdrawal of the drug has not been reported to date. /Enalaprilat/
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Enalapril (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Metabolism / Metabolites
About 60% of the absorbed dose is extensively hydrolyzed to enalaprilat via de-esterification mediated by hepatic esterases. In humans, metabolism beyond bioactivation to enalaprilat is not observed.
About 60% of an absorbed dose of enalapril is extensively hydrolyzed to enalaprilat, principally in the liver via esterases. About 20% appears to be hydrolyzed on first pass through the liver; this hydrolysis does not appear to occur in plasma in humans. Enalaprilat is a more potent angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor than enalapril. There is no evidence of other metabolites of enalapril in humans, rats, or dogs. However, a despropyl metabolite of enalaprilat was identified in urine in rhesus monkeys, accounting for 13% of an oral dose of enalapril maleate. Hydrolysis of enalapril to enalaprilat may be delayed and/or impaired in patients with severe hepatic impairment, but the pharmacodynamic effects of the drug do not appear to be significantly altered.
Biological Half-Life
The average terminal half life of enalaprilat is 35-38 hours. The effective half life following multiple doses is 11-14 hours. The prolonged terminal half-life is due to the binding of enalaprilat to ACE.
Following oral admin, the half-life of unchanged enalapril appears to be <2 hr in healthy individuals and in patients with normal hepatic and renal functions, but may be increased in patients with congestive heart failure. Following oral admin of a single 5 or 10 mg dose of enalapril maleate in patients with congestive heart failure, the half-life of enalapril was 3.4 or 5.8 hr, respectively.
Elimination of enalaprilat may also be prolonged in patients with congestive heart failure or impaired hepatic function compared with healthy individuals and patients with hypertension observations of serum concns of enalaprilat over long periods following oral or iv admin suggest that enalaprilat has an avg terminal half-life of about 35-38 hr (range: 30-87 hr). ...The effective half-life for accumulation of enalaprilat (determined from urinary recovery) has been reported to average about 11 hr in healthy individuals with normal renal function.
Toxicity/Toxicokinetics
Toxicity Summary
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Enalapril is angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and antihypertensive agent. HUMAN STUDIES: Overdosage of enalapril produces effects that are mainly extensions of the drug's pharmacologic effects as an angiotension converting enzyme inhibitor. Plasma angiotension enzyme activity was completely suppressed within 10-15 hr after acute ingestion of 300-440 mg of enalapril maleate in 2 patients. The most likely manifestation of enalapril overdosage is hypotension, which may be profound and also maybe accompanied by stupor. Onset and duration of the hypotensive effect may be prolonged following acute overdosage. Renal dysfunction, including acute renal failure, hyperkalemia, and hyponatremia may also occur. Use of drugs that act on the renin-angiotensin system during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy reduces fetal renal function and increases fetal and neonatal morbidity and death. Resulting oligohydramnios can be associated with fetal lung hypoplasia and skeletal deformations. Potential neonatal adverse effects include skull hypoplasia, anuria, hypotension, renal failure, and death. When pregnancy is detected, discontinue enalapril maleate tablets as soon as possible. ANIMAL STUDIES: There was no evidence of a tumorigenic effect when enalapril was administered for 106 weeks to male and female rats at doses up to 90 mg/kg/day or for 94 weeks to male and female mice at doses up to 90 and 180 mg/kg/day, respectively. There were no adverse effects on reproductive performance of male and female rats treated with up to 90 mg/kg/day of enalapril. Neither enalapril maleate nor the active diacid was mutagenic in the Ames microbial mutagen test with or without metabolic activation. Enalapril was also negative in the following genotoxicity studies: rec-assay, reverse mutation assay with Escherichia coli, sister chromatid exchange with cultured mammalian cells, and the micronucleus test with mice, as well as in an in vivo cytogenic study using mouse bone marrow.
Hepatotoxicity
Enalapril, like other ACE inhibitors, has been associated with a low rate of serum aminotransferase elevations (
Likelihood score: B (likely but rare cause of clinically apparent liver injury).
Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation
Because of the low levels of enalapril in breastmilk, amounts ingested by the infant are small and would not be expected to cause any adverse effects in breastfed infants.
◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants
None reported in 4 breastfed infants whose mothers were taking oral enalapril 5 to 10 mg daily.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk
In 15 postmenopausal hypertensive women (prior lactation status not stated), serum prolactin levels were decreased by 22% compared to placebo after enalapril 20 mg once daily for 15 days. The maternal prolactin level in a mother with established lactation may not affect her ability to breastfeed.
A woman with pre-eclampsia was treated was started at term with oral enalapril 10 mg daily. Her milk came in on day 3 postpartum and she had no difficulties with nursing during 5 weeks of observation.
Protein Binding
It is reported that less than 50% of enalaprilat is bound to human plasma proteins, based on limited data from binding studies of enalaprilat in human plasma both by equilibrium dialysis and by ultrafiltration.
Interactions
When enalapril is administered with diuretics or other hypotensive drugs, the hypotensive effect of enalapril is increased. The effect is usually used to therapeutic advantage, but careful adjustment of dosage is necessary when these drugs are used concomitantly. ... Enalapril and diuretics appear to have additive hypotensive effects; however, severe hypotension and reversible renal insufficiency may occasionally occur, especially in volume and/or sodium depleted patients. Hypotensive drugs that cause release of renin (e.g., diuretics) will increase the hypotensive effect of enalapril.
Potassium sparing diuretics (eg, amiloride, spironolactone, triamterene), potassium supplements, or potassium-containing salt substitutes should be used with caution and serum potassium should be determined frequently in patients receiving enalapril, since hyperkalemia may occur.
Because ACE inhibitors may promote kinin-mediated prostaglandin synthesis and/or release, concomitant administration of drugs that inhibit prostaglandin synthesis (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen) may reduce the blood pressure response to ACE inhibitors, including enalapril. Limited data indicate that concomitant administration of ACE inhibitors with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIAs) occasionally may result in acute reduction of renal function; however, the possibility cannot be ruled out that one drug alone may cause such an effect. ... Aspirin and other NSAIAs also can attenuate the hemodynamic actions of ACE inhibitors in patients with congestive heart failure. Because ACE inhibitors share and enhance the effects of the compensatory hemodynamic mechanisms of heart failure, with aspirin and other NSAIAs interacting with the compensatory mechanisms rather than with a given ACE inhibitor per se, these desirable mechanisms are particularly susceptible to the interaction and a subsequent potential loss of clinical benefits. As a result, the more severe the heart failure and the more prominent the compensatory mechanisms, the more appreciable the interaction between NSAIAs and ACE inhibitors. Even if optimal dosage of an ACE inhibitor is used in the treatment of congestive heart failure, the potential cardiovascular and survival benefit may not be seen if the patient is receiving an NSAIA concomitantly. In several multicenter studies, concomitant admin of a NSAIA (i.e., a single 350-mg dose of aspirin) in patients with congestive heart failure inhibited favorable hemodynamic effects associated with ACE inhibitors, attenuating the favorable effects of these drugs on survival and cardiovascular morbidity. /ACE inhibitors/
Lithium toxicity has occurred following concomitant administration of enalapril and lithium carbonate and was reversible following discontinuance of both drugs. In one patient, the toxicity was associated with elevated plasma lithium concentration and was manifested as ataxia, dysarthria, tremor, confusion, and altered electroencephalogram, bradycardia and T wave depression also occurred. Moderate renal insufficiency (serum creatinine of 2.2 mg/deciliter) or acute renal failure has also occurred in these patients. The exact mechanism of this interaction remains to be established, but it has been suggested that enalapril may decrease renal elimination of lithium, possibly by increasing sodium excretion secondary to decreased aldosterone secretion or by altering renal function secondary to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition.
Concomitant use of enalapril and some vasodilating agents (eg, nitrates) or anesthetic agents may cause an exaggerated hypotensive response. Patients receiving enalapril concomitantly with nitrates or with anesthetic agents that produce hypotension should be observed for possible additive hypotensive effects. Fluid volume expansion can correct hypotension during surgery or anesthesia if it is thought to result from an enalapril-induced inhibition of the angiotensin II formation that occurs secondary to compensatory renin release.
Non-Human Toxicity Values
LD50 Mouse oral 2000-3500 mg/kg /Enalapril maleate/
LD50 Rat male oral 2000-3500 mg/kg /Enalapril maleate/
LD50 Rat female oral 2000-3000 mg/kg /Enalapril maleate/
LD50 Rat male sc 1750 mg/kg /Enalapril maleate/
For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Enalapril (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
References

[1]. Comparison of captopril and enalapril to study the role of the sulfhydryl-group in improvement of endothelial dysfunction with ACE inhibitors in high dieted methionine mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 2006. 47(1): p. 82-8.

Additional Infomation
Therapeutic Uses
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Antihypertensive Agents
/CLINICAL TRIALS/ ClinicalTrials.gov is a registry and results database of publicly and privately supported clinical studies of human participants conducted around the world. The Web site is maintained by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Each ClinicalTrials.gov record presents summary information about a study protocol and includes the following: Disease or condition; Intervention (for example, the medical product, behavior, or procedure being studied); Title, description, and design of the study; Requirements for participation (eligibility criteria); Locations where the study is being conducted; Contact information for the study locations; and Links to relevant information on other health Web sites, such as NLM's MedlinePlus for patient health information and PubMed for citations and abstracts for scholarly articles in the field of medicine. Enalapril is included in the database.
Enalapril maleate tablets are indicated for the treatment of hypertension. Enalapril maleate tablets are effective alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents, especially thiazide-type diuretics. The blood pressure lowering effects of enalapril maleate tablets and thiazides are approximately additive. /Included in US product label/
Enalapril maleate tablets are indicated for the treatment of symptomatic congestive heart failure, usually in combination with diuretics and digitalis. /Included in US product label/
For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for Enalapril (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Drug Warnings
/BOXED WARNING/ When pregnancy is detected, discontinue enalapril maleate tablets as soon as possible. Drugs that act directly on the renin-angiotensin system can cause injury and death to the developing fetus.
The most frequent adverse cardiovascular effect of enalapril or enalaprilat is hypotension (including postural hypotension and other orthostatic effects), which occurs in about 1-2% of patients with hypertension and in about 5-7% of those with heart failure, following an initial dose or during extended therapy. Syncope occurred in approximately 0.5 or 2% of patients with hypertension or heart failure, respectively. Hypotension or syncope has required discontinuance of therapy in about 0.1 or 2% of patients with hypertension or heart failure, respectively, receiving enalapril.
Use of drugs that act on the renin-angiotensin system during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy reduces fetal renal function and increases fetal and neonatal morbidity and death. Resulting oligohydramnios can be associated with fetal lung hypoplasia and skeletal deformations. Potential neonatal adverse effects include skull hypoplasia, anuria, hypotension, renal failure, and death. When pregnancy is detected, discontinue enalapril maleate tablets as soon as possible. These adverse outcomes are usually associated with use of these drugs in the second and third trimester of pregnancy. Most epidemiologic studies examining fetal abnormalities after exposure to antihypertensive use in the first trimester have not distinguished drugs affecting the renin-angiotensin system from other antihypertensive agents. Appropriate management of maternal hypertension during pregnancy is important to optimize outcomes for both mother and fetus.
Angioedema may occur, especially following the first dose of enalapril, and, if associated with laryngeal edema, may be fatal. If laryngeal stridor or angioedema of the face, extremities, lips, tongue, or glottis occurs, enalapril should be discontinued and the patient carefully observed until swelling disappears. If swelling is confined to the face and lips, the condition generally responds without treatment; however, antihistamines may provide symptomatic relief. Swelling of the tongue, glottis, or larynx may cause airway obstruction, and appropriate therapy (eg, epinephrine, maintenance of patent airway) should be initiated immediately. Patients should be informed that swelling of the face, eyes, lips, or tongue or difficulty in breathing may be signs and symptoms of angioedema, and that they should discontinue enalapril and notify their physician immediately if any of these conditions occurs. The possibility that patients with a history of angioedema unrelated to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors may be at increased risk of developing angioedema while receiving the drugs should be considered. Enalapril is contraindicated in patients with a history of angioedema related to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy. Enalapril also is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug or any ingredient in the formulation.
For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for Enalapril (28 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Pharmacodynamics
Enalapril is an antihypertensive agent that exhibits natriuretic and uricosuric properties. Enalapril lowers blood pressure in all grades of essential and renovascular hypertension, and peripheral vascular resistance without causing an increase in heart rate. Individuals with low-renin hypertensive population were still responsive to enalapril. The duration of hypertensive effect in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure persists for at least 24 hours following initial administration of a single oral dose, and repeated daily administration of enalapril confers an additional reduction in blood pressure and a steady-state antihypertensive response may take several weeks. In patients with severe congestive heart failure and inadequate clinical response to conventional antihypertensive therapies, treatment with enalapril resulted in improvements in cardiac performance as observed by a reduction in both preload and afterload, and improved clinical status long-term. Furthermore, enalapril was shown to increase cardiac output and stroke volume while decreasing pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in patients with congestive heart failure refractory to conventional treatment with digitalis and diuretics. In clinical studies, enalapril reduced left ventricular mass, and did not affect cardiac function or myocardial perfusion during exercise. Enalapril is not highly associated with the risk of bradycardia unlike most diuretics and beta-blockers and it does not produce rebound hypertension upon discontinuation of therapy. Enalapril is not reported to produce hypokalaemia, hyperglycaemia, hyperuricaemia or hypercholesterolaemia. In the kidneys, enalapril was shown to increase renal blood flow and decrease renal vascular resistance. It also augmented the glomerular filtration rate in patients with a glomerular filtration rate less than 80 mL/min. When used in combination, enalapril was shown to attenuate the extent of drug-induced hypokalemia caused by hydrochlorothiazide and the antihypertensive effects of both drugs were potentiated.
These protocols are for reference only. InvivoChem does not independently validate these methods.
Physicochemical Properties
Molecular Formula
C20H28N2O5.C4H4O4
Molecular Weight
492.52
Exact Mass
492.21
CAS #
76095-16-4
Related CAS #
Enalapril-d5 maleate;349554-02-5;Enalapril;75847-73-3
PubChem CID
5388962
Appearance
White to off-white solid powder
Boiling Point
0ºC
Melting Point
143-144.5ºC
Flash Point
0°C
LogP
1.645
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
6
Rotatable Bond Count
10
Heavy Atom Count
27
Complexity
519
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
3
SMILES
CCOC(=O)[C@H](CCC1=CC=CC=C1)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)O
InChi Key
OYFJQPXVCSSHAI-QFPUQLAESA-N
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C20H28N2O5.C4H4O4/c1-3-27-20(26)16(12-11-15-8-5-4-6-9-15)21-14(2)18(23)22-13-7-10-17(22)19(24)25;5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h4-6,8-9,14,16-17,21H,3,7,10-13H2,1-2H3,(H,24,25);1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b;2-1-/t14-,16-,17-;/m0./s1
Chemical Name
(Z)-but-2-enedioic acid;(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino]propanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
Synonyms
MK-421 Maleate; Glioten; Vasotec; Baripril; Maleate, Enalapril; MK 421; MK-421; MK421; Renitec; Renitek;
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
Storage

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture.
Shipping Condition
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
Solubility Data
Solubility (In Vitro)
DMSO:99 mg/mL (201.0 mM)
Water:<1 mg/mL
Ethanol:4 mg/mL (8.1 mM)
Solubility (In Vivo)
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

Injection Formulations
(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC)
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80: Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution 50 μL Tween 80 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO 400 μLPEG300 50 μL Tween 80 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).
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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C,1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO 100 μLPEG300 200 μL castor oil 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10: 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol 100 μL Cremophor 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH 400 μLPEG300 50 μL Tween 80 450 μL Saline)


Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).
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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders


Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)
Preparing Stock Solutions 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 2.0304 mL 10.1519 mL 20.3037 mL
5 mM 0.4061 mL 2.0304 mL 4.0607 mL
10 mM 0.2030 mL 1.0152 mL 2.0304 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.

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Working concentration mg/mL;

Method for preparing DMSO stock solution mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.

Method for preparing in vivo formulation:Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O,mix and clarify.

(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
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Clinical Trial Information
Efficacy and Safety of Sacubitril/Valsartan Compared With Enalapril on Morbidity, Mortality, and NT-proBNP Change in Patients With CCC
CTID: NCT04023227
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Active, not recruiting
Date: 2024-10-08
Evaluation of a Renin Inhibitor, Aliskiren, Compared to Enalapril, in C3 Glomerulopathy
CTID: NCT04183101
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-06-18
Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibition in Chagas Cardiomyopathy With Reduced Ejection Fraction: ANSWER-HF.
CTID: NCT04853758
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-04-04
COmparing arNi and Ace For Improving Erectile Dysfunction in mEN With reduCed Ejection Fraction Heart Failure
CTID: NCT03917459
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-02-29
Prevention of Diabetes and Hypertension
CTID: NCT00456963
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Terminated
Date: 2024-02-20
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PROACT: Can we Prevent Chemotherapy-related Heart Damage in Patients With Breast Cancer and Lymphoma?
CTID: NCT03265574
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-02-20


Genetic Determinants of ACEI Prodrug Activation
CTID: NCT03051282
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Active, not recruiting
Date: 2024-02-14
Study of Efficacy and Safety of LCZ696 in Japanese Patients With Chronic Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction
CTID: NCT02468232
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-12-08
Blood Pressure Management in Stroke Following Endovascular Treatment
CTID: NCT04484350
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-11-07
Prevention of Anthracycline-induced Cardiotoxicity
CTID: NCT01968200
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Active, not recruiting
Date: 2023-06-28
Pulmonary REsistance Modification Under Treatment With Sacubitril/valsartaN in paTients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction
CTID: NCT05487261
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2023-06-18
Bariatric Surgery and Pharmacokinetics of Enalapril
CTID: NCT03460366
Phase:    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2023-03-27
Study to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of LCZ696 Followed by a 52-week, Double-blind Study of LCZ696 Compared With Enalapril in Pediatric Patients With Heart Failure
CTID: NCT02678312
Phase: Phase 2/Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-02-10
Comparing Nifedipine and Enalapril in Medical Resources Used in the Postpartum Period
CTID: NCT04236258
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2022-11-30
A Randomized, Double-blind Controlled Study Comparing LCZ696 to Medical Therapy for Comorbidities in HFpEF Patients
CTID: NCT03066804
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-10-11
Exercise Capacity Study of LCZ696 vs. Enalapril in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction.
CTID: NCT02768298
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-10-08
Study on the Effects of Sacubitril/Valsartan on Physical Activity and Sleep in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction Patients.
CTID: NCT02970669
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-10-07
The Effects of Sacubitril-Valsartan vs Enalapril on Left Ventricular Remodeling in ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction
CTID: NCT04912167
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2021-09-29
Comparison of Sacubitril/Valsartan Versus Enalapril on Effect on NT-proBNP in Patients Stabilized From an Acute Heart Failure Episode.
CTID: NCT02554890
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-01-05
Study of Effects of Sacubitril/Valsartan vs. Enalapril on Aortic Stiffness in Patients With Mild to Moderate HF With Reduced Ejection Fraction
CTID: NCT02874794
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-01-05
Impact of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Activity on Exercise Training Sensitivity
CTID: NCT03949075
Phase: N/A    Status: Completed
Date: 2020-11-05
The Effect of Neprilysin (LCZ696) on Exercise Tolerance in Patients With Heart Failure
CTID: NCT03190304
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2020-10-22
randOmized stUdy Using acceleromeTry to Compare Sacubitril/valsarTan and Enalapril in Patients With Heart Failure
CTID: NCT02900378
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2020-09-02
Mitigation of Radiation Pneumonitis and Fibrosis
CTID: NCT01754909
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2019-10-08
The Use of ACE Inhibitors in the Early Renal Post-transplant Period
CTID: NCT00270153
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2019-02-07
Comparing ARNI With ACE Inhibitor on Endothelial Function
CTID: NCT03119623
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Withdrawn
Date: 2018-10-11
H-Type Hypertension Precision Medicine Trial
CTID: NCT03472508
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2018-07-18
Angiotensin-II Receptor Antibodies Blockade With Losartan in Patients With Lupus Nephritis
CTID: NCT03526042
Phase: N/A    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2018-05-16
Evaluation of Enalapril Versus Placebo in Patients With Diastolic Heart Failure
CTID: NCT01411735
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2017-11-06
Bevacizumab vs Dacarbazine in Metastatic Melanoma
CTID: NCT01705392
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Terminated
Date: 2017-02-24
Prevention of Chemotherapy-induced Cardiotoxicity in High-risk Patients
CTID: NCT00292526
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2017-02-09
Efficacy and Safety of Aliskiren and Aliskiren/Enalapril Combination on Morbidity-mortality in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure
CTID: NCT00853658
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2016-11-25
Expression and Function of the Renin-Angiotensin System in the Esophagus
CTID: NCT02879721
PhaseEarly Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2016-08-26
Enalapril After Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity
CTID: NCT00000547
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2016-07-12
Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD)
CTID: NCT00000516
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2016-04-15
An Extension Study to Evaluate the Long Term Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Aliskiren Compared to Enalapril in Pediatric Hypertensive Patients 6-17 Years of Age
CTID: NCT01151410
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2016-03-07
Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS)
CTID: NCT00000522
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2016-02-25
A Study to Determine the Effectiveness and Tolerability of MK8141 in Patients With High Blood Pressure (MK-8141-006)
CTID: NCT00543413
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2015-10-16
A Study to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of Different Doses of Losartan Potassium (MK0954-011)
CTID: NCT00882440
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2015-08-27
Myocardial Fibrosis Progression in Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy - ACE Inhibitor Therapy Trial
CTID: NCT02432885
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2015-05-04
Relative Bioavailability Study With Enalapril in Healthy Volunteers
CTID: NCT02252692
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2014-09-30
Metabolism of Methylphenidate and Enalapril Based on CES1 Genotype
CTID: NCT02135263
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2014-07-30
BIBR 277 Capsule in Patients With Essential Hypertension
CTID: NCT02177448
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2014-07-08
Telmisartan Compared With Enalapril in Elderly Patients With Blood Hypertension
CTID: NCT02177461
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2014-07-08
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition in Children With Mitral Regurgitation
CTID: NCT00113698
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Terminated
Date: 2014-03-13
DETAIL Study: Diabetes Exposed to Telmisartan and Enalapril
CTID: NCT00274118
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2013-11-01
Efficacy of Antioxidant Therapy Compared With Enalapril in Sickle Nephropathy
CTID: NCT01891292
Phase: N/A    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2013-07-03
Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Early Sickle Cell Renal Disease in Children
CTID: NCT01096121
Phase: N/A    Status: Terminated
Date: 2012-07-26
Evaluation of Heart Failure Treatment Guided by N-terminal Pro B-type Natriuretic Peptide (NTproBNP) vs Clinical Symptoms and Signs Alone
CTID: NCT00391846
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2012-06-25
Renal Effects of an Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor in Adults With Chronic Kidney Disease of Uncertain Aetiology
CTID: NCT01624064
Phase: Phase 1/Phase 2    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2012-06-20
Effect of Sitagliptin and an ACE Inhibitor on Blood Pressure in Metabolic Syndrome
CTID: NCT00666848
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2012-05-11
Effect of Enalapril and Losartan Association Therapy on Proteinuria and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Diabetic Nephropathy: a Clinical Trial on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
CTID: NCT00419835
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2011-08-04
Extension Study to Assess Long Term Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Valsartan and Enalapril Combined and Alone in Children With Hypertension
CTID: NCT00446511
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2011-07-12
Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in Pre-diabetic & Pre-hypertensive Subjects
CTID: NCT01364675
Phase: N/A    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2011-06-02
-----------
MULTICENTER RANDOMIZED STUDY ON THE EFFICACY OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IN PATIENTS WITH VIRUS-NEGATIVE INFLAMMATORY CARDIOMYOPATHY
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2017-10-30
Preventing cardiac damage in patients treated for breast cancer and lymphoma: a phase 3
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: GB - no longer in EU/EEA
Date: 2017-08-08
A 24-week, randomized, double-blind, multi-center, parallel group, active controlled study to evaluate the effect of LCZ696 on NT-proBNP, exercise
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2017-06-05
Impact of self-measurement of blood pressure and self-adjustment of antihypertensive medication in the control of hypertension and adherence to treatment. A pragmatic, randomized, controlled clinical trial (ADAMPA Study)
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Prematurely Ended
Date: 2017-05-05
Multicenter, open-label, study to evaluate safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and, pharmacodynamics of LCZ696 followed by a 52-week randomized, double-blind, parallel group, active-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of LCZ696 compared with enalapril in pediatric patients from1 month to < 18 years of age with heart failure due to systemic left ventricle systolic dysfunction
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 2, Phase 3    Status: Ongoing, GB - no longer in EU/EEA, Completed
Date: 2017-04-06
A multi-center, prospective, randomized, double-blind study to assess the impact of sacubitril/valsartan vs. enalapril on daily physical activity using a wrist worn actigraphy device in adult chronic heart failure patients
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2016-11-14
A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled study to assess the effect of LCZ696 compared with enalapril to improve exercise capacity in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2016-05-04
NT-proBNP selected prevention of cardiac events in a population of diabetic patients without a history of cardiac disease (Pontiac II); a prospective randomized trial
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing, GB - no longer in EU/EEA
Date: 2015-12-30
FOLLOW-UP SAFETY TRIAL IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE THERAPY RECEIVING ORODISPERSIBLE MINITABLETS OF ENALAPRIL
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing, GB - no longer in EU/EEA, Prematurely Ended, Completed
Date: 2015-11-30
ORODISPERSIBLE MINITABLETS OF ENALAPRIL IN CHILDREN WITH HEART
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: GB - no longer in EU/EEA, Prematurely Ended, Completed
Date: 2015-11-30
ORODISPERSIBLE MINITABLETS OF ENALAPRIL IN YOUNG CHILDREN WITH HEART FAILURE DUE TO CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing, Prematurely Ended, Completed
Date: 2015-11-30
The effect of sodium nitrite infusion on renal variables, brachial and central blood pressure during enzyme inhibition by allopurinol, enalapril or acetazolamid in healthy subjects. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled, cross-over study
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2014-01-03
Prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint, paralell groups, multicentric clinical trial to compare the efficacy of administration of enalapril 20 mg + lercanidipine 10 mg versus enalapril 20 mg + amlodipine 5 mg on proteinuria.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2013-08-01
Prevention of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: a multicentre randomizedtrial comparing two therapeutic strategies.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2012-10-16
Treatment of hypertension at nigth in type 1 diabetes patients with no 24 hour variation of thier bloodpressure.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2012-06-19
Individualised drug therapy based on pharmacogenomics: focus on carboxylesterase 1 (CES1)
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2012-01-24
A prospective study with beta-blockers and ACE-inhibitors in patients operable breast cancer experiencing mild cardiac toxicity during treatment with anthracycline and/or trastuzumab
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2011-12-27
Effects of Aliskiren on microcirculation dysfunction in patients affected by hypertension
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2011-10-20
Ensayo aleatorizado controlado sobre la terapia guiada por el antígeno carbohidrato 125 en los pacientes dados de alta por insuficiencia cardiaca aguda: efecto sobre la mortalidad a 1 año.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2011-08-02
Effects of a combination treatment with lercanidipine + enalapril vs. lercanidipine + hydrochlorothiazide on blood pressure and endothelial function in essential hypertensive patients
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2011-03-14
A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, 52 week extension study to evaluate the long term safety, tolerability and efficacy of aliskiren compared to enalapril in pediatric hypertensive patients 6-17 years of age
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing, Completed
Date: 2010-11-19
Safety of an ACE-I/CCB fixed combination (Lercanidipine/Enalapril) in elderly hypertensive patients not adequately controlled by CCB monotherapy
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2010-06-08
Intérêt des inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion dans l'atteinte rénale précoce des enfants drépanocytaires : Etude randomisée en double aveugle énalapril versus placebo.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2010-01-05
A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel group, active-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of LCZ696 compared to enalapril on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Prematurely Ended, Completed
Date: 2010-01-01
Randomised trial on combined effects of dual blockade of the renin angiotensin system and phosphate binding in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with impaired renal function.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2009-12-10
Multi-center, Open-label Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Control of Proteinuria with ACE Inhibitors and ARBS in Patients with Fabry Diseaswe Who Are receiving Farazyme : Tha Farazyme + Arbs + ACE inhibitors Treatments (FAACET) Study: The FAACET Study
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2009-11-09
A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel group, active-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of both aliskiren monotherapy and aliskiren/enalapril combination therapy compared to enalapril monotherapy, on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure (NYHA Class II - IV)
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2009-03-13
Study on the vascular effects of ACE-I + CA-antagonist (Enalapril + Lercanidipine) versus ACE-I + diuretic (Enalapril + hydrochlorothiazidE) combinations in hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome not sufficiently controlled by ACE-I monotherapy
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2009-02-24
'Efecto del ARA-II Olmesartan sobre el metabolismo del potasio en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica'
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2008-11-27
Arterial Hypertension After Successful Aortic Decoarctation: Atenolol vs Enalapril Comparison of Efficacy and Tolerability in Pediatric Age.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2008-09-26
Prevención de la disfunción ventricular con enalapril y carvedilol en pacientes sometidos a quimioterapia intensiva para el tratamiento de hemopatías malignas.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 2, Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2008-02-22
A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, evaluation of 12 weeks of valsartan compared to enalapril on sitting systolic blood pressure in children 6 to 17 years of age with hypertension
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Prematurely Ended, Completed
Date: 2007-04-23
An extension to study VAL489K2303 to evaluate the long term safety, tolerability and efficacy of valsartan in children 6 to 17 years of age with hypertension, versus enalapril treatment for 14 weeks, or combined with enalapril versus enalapril monotherapy for 66 weeks in chronic kidney disease patients.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Prematurely Ended, Completed
Date: 2007-04-23
Randomized comparison of a two-month regimen of irbesartan versus enalapril on cardiovascular markers in patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2006-02-08
Pulsbølgehastighed og pulsbølgemorfologi hos patienter med kronisk nyreinsufficiens: Effekten af blokade af renin-angiotensinsystemet.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2005-06-22
Effect and Safety of preventive Treatment with ACE-Inhibitor and Beta-Blocker on the onset of Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date:
An international multicentre, randomized, parallel group, double-blind trial to evaluate different dose combinations of lercanidipine and enalapril in comparison with each component administered alone and with placebo in patients with essential hypertension.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date:

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