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Purity: ≥98%
Tetrahydrouridine, a synthetic pyrimidine nucleoside analog, is novel and potent inhibitor of cytidine deaminase (CDA) with biomodulating activity, it competitively blocks the enzyme's active site more effectively than intrinsic cytidine. Tetrahydrouridine increases the efficacy of the radiosensitizer cytochlor (5-chloro-2'-deoxycytidine) by inhibiting the enzyme deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP) deaminase and preventing the premature deamination of the cytochlor metabolite 5-chloro-2'-deoxycytidine monophosphate (CldCMP) to 5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine monophosphate (CldUMP); in turn, this increases tumor concentrations of CldUMP which is then further anabolized and incorporated selectively into tumor DNA as CldU (5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine).
| ln Vitro |
When cytotoxic deoxycytidine analogs like gemcitabine and ara-C are catabolized, tetrahydrouridine (THU), a particular inhibitor of cytidine deaminase (CDA), prevents deamination. A combined treatment was carried out to examine the impact of tetrahydrouridine on gemcitabine-mediated anticancer effects on lung cancer cells and pancreatic cancer cells. As anticipated, after 100 µM tetrahydrouridine therapy, elevated CDA expression in BxPC-3 and H441 led to higher gemcitabine sensitivity. The BxPC-3 and H441 cell lines showed a 2.1- and 4.4-fold increase in sensitivity, respectively. However, despite having minimal CDA expression, MIAPaCa-2 and H1299 cells showed a surprisingly high sensitivity to gemcitabine. MIAPaCa-2 and H1299 cells exhibited 2.2- and 2.3-fold changes in their IC50, respectively. Panc-1 and H322 cells' drug sensitivity, however, did not exhibit any appreciable modifications. These findings suggest that, independent of CDA expression levels, tetrahydrouridine sensitizes some lung and pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine-induced cell death. Without triggering apoptosis, tetrahydrouridine suppresses the S phase [1].
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| ln Vivo |
One male and eight female animals died after receiving 167 mg/kg of tetrahydrouridine (THU) followed by 1.0 mg/kg of DAC. The animals that survived the planned termination were mostly asymptomatic, and no changes were noted in body weight, food consumption, clinical chemistry, or urinalysis in those treated with up to 1.0 mg/kg of DAC in addition to 167 mg/kg of tetrahydrouridine [2].
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| References |
[1]. Funamizu N, et al. Tetrahydrouridine inhibits cell proliferation through cell cycle regulation regardless of cytidine deaminase expression levels. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37424.
[2]. Terse P, et al. Subchronic oral toxicity study of decitabine in combination with tetrahydrouridine in CD-1 mice. Int J Toxicol. 2014 Mar-Apr;33(2):75-85 |
| Molecular Formula |
C9H16N2O6
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
248.23314
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| CAS # |
18771-50-1
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| Related CAS # |
Tetrahydrouridine dihydrate;Tetrahydrouridine-d3
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| SMILES |
C1CN(C(=O)NC1O)[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)O
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| InChi Key |
UCKYOOZPSJFJIZ-XVKVHKPRSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C9H16N2O6/c12-3-4-6(14)7(15)8(17-4)11-2-1-5(13)10-9(11)16/h4-8,12-15H,1-3H2,(H,10,16)/t4-,5?,6-,7-,8-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
1-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-4-hydroxytetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one
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| Synonyms |
THU, NSC 112907; NSC-112907; NSC112907.
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.0285 mL | 20.1426 mL | 40.2852 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.8057 mL | 4.0285 mL | 8.0570 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4029 mL | 2.0143 mL | 4.0285 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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