| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100mg |
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| 500mg |
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| Targets |
The primary target of Quinine is the heme detoxification pathway in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. During hemoglobin digestion, the parasite releases toxic heme, which it detoxifies by polymerizing into hemozoin. Quinine binds to heme and prevents its polymerization, leading to the accumulation of toxic heme and parasite death. Quinine also has activity against other Plasmodium species and has been used for the treatment of babesiosis. The compound's mechanism of action is shared with other quinoline antimalarials, such as chloroquine and mefloquine.
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| ln Vitro |
In the human liver cancer HepG2 cell line, quinine hemisulfate (150 μM, 30 minutes) suppresses the growth and cytostatic effects of dengue virus [1]. In the human liver cancer HepG2 cell line, quinine hemisulfate (37.5-150 μM, 24 hours) substantially and dose-dependently decreased viral DENV RNA and protein levels [1].
In vitro, Quinine sulfate is a potent inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum growth. Its activity is typically measured using parasite growth inhibition assays, where the compound's ability to inhibit the incorporation of [3H]hypoxanthine or to reduce parasite viability is assessed. IC50 values are determined from dose-response curves. Quinine's activity against chloroquine-resistant strains is variable, and resistance mechanisms include mutations in the PfCRT and PfMDR1 transporters. The compound also has weak activity against other pathogens. |
| ln Vivo |
There is a certain inhibitory impact of quinine hemisulfate (oral gavage, 12 or 15 mg/kg, weekly, 16 weeks) on Swiss albino mice's development of skin cancer [2]. In the testicular tissue of male adult albino rats, quinine hemisulfate (oral gavage, 10 mg/kg, daily, 8 weeks) can produce a reduction in the antioxidant defense system (including SOD, CAT, and GSH enzyme activities) [3].
In vivo, Quinine sulfate is used for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. It is also used for the treatment of severe malaria in combination with other antimalarials. The compound is administered orally or intravenously. Its efficacy is well-established, although resistance has emerged in some regions. Quinine sulfate is also used to treat nocturnal leg cramps, although its efficacy for this indication is controversial. |
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme/receptor binding assays for Quinine sulfate are not conventional enzyme inhibition studies, as the compound interacts with heme rather than a specific enzyme. However, heme binding assays can be performed to assess the compound's ability to bind to heme and prevent its polymerization. Spectrophotometric methods are used to measure the inhibition of β-hematin formation, a surrogate for hemozoin formation. These assays confirm that quinine binds to heme and inhibits its detoxification.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell proliferation assay [1]
Cell Types: Human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) Tested Concentrations: 150 μM Incubation Duration: 30 minutes Experimental Results: Compared with untreated, DENV virus replication was inhibited and the yield reached 19%. diminished DENV-positive cells from 23.28% to 12.05% in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro cellular assays for Quinine sulfate are conducted in Plasmodium falciparum cultures. Parasites are cultured in the presence of varying concentrations of quinine, and parasite growth is assessed by measuring [3H]hypoxanthine incorporation, parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) activity, or by microscopic counting of parasites. IC50 values are determined from dose-response curves. The compound's activity against chloroquine-resistant and sensitive strains is compared. These assays confirm that quinine engages its target in a cellular context and produces the expected inhibition of parasite growth. |
| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Swiss albino mice 7-8 weeks (weight 24 grams) [2]
Doses: 12 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg Route of Administration: po (oral gavage); weekly; 16-week Experimental Results: 12 mg/kg dose Tumor size and weight were Dramatically diminished at 15 mg/kg, with little effect at higher doses of 15 mg/kg. In vivo animal studies for Quinine sulfate are conducted in animal models of malaria, such as mice infected with Plasmodium berghei or Plasmodium yoelii. Animals are administered the compound orally or intraperitoneally, and parasitemia is monitored by microscopic examination of blood smears. The compound's ability to reduce parasitemia and improve survival is assessed. Pharmacokinetic studies are performed to determine the compound's bioavailability, half-life, and tissue distribution. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of Quinine sulfate indicate that it has a molecular weight of 782.96 and a molecular formula of (C20H24N2O2)2·H2SO4·2H2O. The compound is orally active with good bioavailability. It is metabolized in the liver primarily by CYP3A4 and has a half-life of approximately 6-12 hours in healthy individuals. The compound is highly protein-bound and has a narrow therapeutic index. For storage, the powder should be kept under appropriate conditions to maintain stability.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological information for Quinine sulfate is derived from its clinical use. Common side effects include cinchonism (tinnitus, headache, nausea, blurred vision), which is dose-dependent. Serious adverse events include cardiotoxicity (QT prolongation), hypoglycemia, and hemolytic anemia in G6PD-deficient patients. The compound is contraindicated in patients with a history of QT prolongation or G6PD deficiency.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Quinine sulfate is the sulfate form of quinine, an alkaloid isolate of quinidine. Quinine has multiple mechanisms of action, including reducing oxygen uptake and carbohydrate metabolism; interfering with DNA replication and transcription through DNA insertion; and reducing muscle fiber excitability by altering calcium distribution. This drug can also inhibit the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein, which is overexpressed in multidrug-resistant tumors and may therefore enhance the efficacy of certain antitumor drugs. (NCI04)
Quinine is an alkaloid extracted from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug and is the active ingredient in cinchona extracts, which have been used for malaria treatment since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic, and has been used to treat the common cold. It was once widely used as a bittering agent and flavoring agent and is still used to treat babesiosis. Quinine is also effective against certain muscle disorders, particularly nocturnal leg cramps and congenital myotonia, because it acts directly on muscle cell membranes and sodium channels. The mechanism of its antimalarial effect is not fully understood. Quinine sulfate is the sulfate salt form of quinine, an alkaloid used as an antimalarial drug. It is also used to treat nocturnal leg cramps. Quinine is available by prescription and over-the-counter. The compound is also used as a bitter flavoring agent in tonic water. It is available from pharmaceutical and research chemical suppliers. |
| Molecular Formula |
2[C20H24N2O2].H2O4S
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
746.912
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| Exact Mass |
422.151
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| CAS # |
804-63-7
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| Related CAS # |
Quinine hydrochloride dihydrate;6119-47-7;Quinine;130-95-0;Quinine sulfate hydrate;6119-70-6
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| PubChem CID |
11949689
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
911.6ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
505.1ºC
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| LogP |
3.539
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
8
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
29
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| Complexity |
538
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
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| SMILES |
COC1=CC2=C(C=CN=C2C=C1)[C@H]([C@@H]3C[C@@H]4CCN3C[C@@H]4C=C)O.COC1=CC2=C(C=CN=C2C=C1)[C@H]([C@@H]3C[C@@H]4CCN3C[C@@H]4C=C)O.OS(=O)(=O)O
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| InChi Key |
RONWGALEIBILOG-VMJVVOMYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/2C20H24N2O2.H2O4S/c2*1-3-13-12-22-9-7-14(13)10-19(22)20(23)16-6-8-21-18-5-4-15(24-2)11-17(16)18;1-5(2,3)4/h2*3-6,8,11,13-14,19-20,23H,1,7,9-10,12H2,2H3;(H2,1,2,3,4)/t2*13-,14-,19-,20+;/m00./s1
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| Chemical Name |
(R)-[(2S,4S,5R)-5-ethenyl-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl]-(6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl)methanol;sulfuric acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: (1). This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. (2). Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.3388 mL | 6.6942 mL | 13.3885 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.2678 mL | 1.3388 mL | 2.6777 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1339 mL | 0.6694 mL | 1.3388 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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