Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv( MIC50=2.7 nM )

In vitro activity: Q203 is an imidazopyridine amide (IAP) compound that block Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth by targeting the respiratory cytochrome bc1 complex. It has the potential for the treatment of tuberculosis. Q203 inhibited the growth of MDR and XDR M. tuberculosis clinical isolates in culture broth medium in the low nanomolar range and was efficacious in a mouse model of tuberculosis at a dose less than 1 mg per kg body weight, which highlights the potency of Q203. Q203 is active against the reference strain Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv with MIC50s of 2.7 nM in culture broth medium and 0.28 nM inside macrophages. In addition, Q203 displays pharmacokinetic and safety profiles compatible with once-daily dosing. Together, these data indicate that Q203 is a promising new clinical candidate for the treatment of tuberculosis. Kinase Assay: Q203 is active against the reference strain Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv with MIC50s of 2.7 nM in culture broth medium and 0.28 nM inside macrophages.

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Telacebec (Q203; IAP6) was active against the reference strain M. tuberculosis H37Rv at a minimum concentration required to inhibit the growth of 50% of organisms (MIC50) of 2.7 nM in culture broth medium and at a MIC50 of 0.28 nM inside macrophages (Fig. 1b,c). The MIC50 in culture broth medium was determined by four different techniques (see Online Methods) in three centers, resulting in comparable values. Furthermore, we confirmed the activity of Q203 in liquid broth medium by CFU determination on agar plates [1].

To gain insight into the mode of action of Telacebec (Q203; IAP6) and identify its molecular target, we selected spontaneous-resistant mutants to two different IPA derivatives, IPA04 and IPA05 (Supplementary Fig. 5). After confirmation of stable genotypic resistance to Q203 (Fig. 3a), we subjected six spontaneous-resistant mutants from independent biological replicates to whole-genome sequencing. The mutants showed a consistent increase in MIC50 for Q203 of several orders of magnitude but remained susceptible to standard antituberculars. We identified a single amino acid substitution in the cytochrome b subunit (qcrB, also known as Rv2196 of the cytochrome bc1 complex in all six mutants (Fig. 3b). Sequence analysis of qcrB in an additional 18 (of 18 tested) independent, spontaneous-resistant mutants confirmed that mutation of Thr313 to either alanine or isoleucine (Fig. 3b) was associated with resistance to Telacebec (Q203; IAP6). Furthermore, the re-introduction of mutation Ala313 by homologous recombination in parental M. tuberculosis H37Rv conferred resistance to Q203 (Fig. 3a), demonstrating that this substitution is directly and specifically involved in the mechanism of resistance to the compound. Combined analysis of the six independent mutant-selection experiments at a concentration of 1 μM determined the spontaneous rate of mutation to IPA04 and IPA05 to be 2.4 × 10−8, which indicates a low probability of emergence of resistant mutants. Spontaneous-resistant mutants selected directly on Q203 were also highly resistant to Q203 (Supplementary Fig. 6) and harbored a polymorphism T313A in qcrB, whereas we identified no mutation in qcrB in two pan-susceptible and three XDR clinical isolates (Supplementary Fig. 7). A similar polymorphism in qcrB was recently identified in Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) mutants selected on a related IPA derivative18 that was less active than Q203 in inhibiting the growth of M. tuberculosis in vitro and not optimized for clinical use [1].

Notably, several residues that have key roles in the binding of QP site inhibitors (for example, stigmatellin) or that are implicated in resistance to such inhibitors, or both, are located at the ef region (Supplementary Fig. 8), suggesting a mode of action for Telacebec (Q203; IAP6) similar to nonselective inhibitors acting at the QP site. Given the key role of cytochrome bc1 in the respiratory electron transport chain, we tested whether Telacebec (Q203; IAP6) may interfere with ATP synthesis in M. tuberculosis. We found that Q203 triggered a rapid reduction in intracellular ATP at an IC50 of 1.1 nM (Fig. 3c). Under similar experimental conditions (see Online Methods), moxifloxacin or streptomycin did not reduce the ATP pool size, whereas bedaquiline did (IC50 of 27.7 nM). Finally, Q203 was able to interfere with ATP homeostasis in hypoxic nonreplicating tuberculosis at an IC50 less than 10 nM (Fig. 3d). The rapid inhibition of ATP synthesis at low concentration strongly suggests that the inhibition of cytochrome bc1 activity is the primary mode of action of Q203 [1].

Q203 displays pharmacokinetic and safety profiles compatible with once-daily dosing. Q203 has a bioavailability of 90% and a terminal half-life of 23.4 h. The volume of distribution is moderate (5.27 l per kg body weight), and the systemic clearance is low (4.03 mL/min per kg). After 4 weeks of treatment, reductions of 90%, 99% and 99.9% in M. tuberculosis H37Rv bacterial load is observed in the groups treated with Q203 at 0.4, 2 and 10 mg per kg body weight, respectively

Microsomal stability assay. [1] Compounds (2 μM final in 0.2% DMSO) were incubated with 0.5 mg mL−1 human (pool of 200, mixed gender), male dog, male rat or male mouse liver microsomes in potassium phosphate buffer. The reaction was initiated by the addition of NADPH and stopped either immediately or at 10, 20, 30 or 60 min for a precise estimate of clearance. A triple quadrupole Quattro Premier mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization (ESI) was employed for sample analysis. Samples were passed through trapping cartridges (Acquity BEH RP18 50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm, Waters, Milford, MA) followed by an analytical column. The percentage of remaining compound was calculated by comparing with the initial quantity at 0 min. Half-life was then calculated using first-order reaction kinetics.

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CYP450 inhibition assays. [1] The assay used individual fluorescent probe substrates with individual recombinant human cytochrome P450 (rhCYP) isozymes and a fluorescent detection according to previously published methods36. The probe substrates (in 0.5% DMSO) used for each isozyme were as follows: 7-benzyloxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)-coumarin for CYP3A4, 3-[2-(N,N-diethyl-N-methylammonium)ethyl]-7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin (AMMC) for CYP2D6, 3-cyano-7-ethoxycoum (CEC) for 1A2 and 2C19 and 7-methoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)-coumarin (MFC) for 2C9. Fluorescence was measured using Victor3 V multilabel plate reader. The IC50 was determined using an eight-point concentration curve with threefold serial dilution.

Cytotoxicity.[1] Cytotoxicity was tested against the human cell lines SH-SY5Y (brain), HEK293 (kidney) and HepG2 (liver) using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) viability assay as previously described.

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ATP depletion assay on M. tuberculosis H37Rv.[1] M. tuberculosis H37Rv was exposed to the test compounds for 24 h (aerobiosis) or 5 d (anaerobiosis), mixed with an equal volume of BacTiter-Glo reagent and incubated in the dark for 10 min. Luminescence was recorded on a Victor3 V multilabel plate reader.

Rats: Sprague Dawley rats are used for pharmacokinetic studies. Compounds (Q203) are given at a dose of 2 mg per kg body weight intravenously or 10 mg per kg body weight orally. The compounds (Telacebec (Q203; IAP6)) are formulated in 20% TPGS (d-α tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate) for repeated-dose studies and in 40% PEG400, pH4 for single-dose studies. Blood samples are taken through the caudal vena cava using 1-mL syringes before perfusion. Samples are collected from three mice or rats at 0.5, 1, 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h post-dose. Blood samples are centrifuged at 3,200g for 10 min at 4 °C. Following centrifugation, plasma is collected and frozen until further analysis. Compound concentrations are determined by LC-MS;

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Mice: Efficacy of Telacebec (Q203; IAP6) in a mouse model of established tuberculosis is studied. Bacterial loads are enumerated in the lung of infected mice after 14 d and 28 d of treatment. Q203 is used at 0.4, 2 and 10 mg per kg body weight. Bedaquiline and isoniazid (INH) are used as positive controls at 6.5 and 15 mg per kg body weight, respectively. Five mice per group and per time point are used.

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Pharmacokinetics.[1]
BALB/c mice and Sprague Dawley rats were used for pharmacokinetic studies. Compounds were given at a dose of 2 mg per kg body weight intravenously or 10 mg per kg body weight orally. Otherwise stated, the compounds [Telacebec (Q203; IAP6)] were formulated in 20% TPGS (D-α tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate) for repeated-dose studies and in 40% PEG400, pH4 for single-dose studies. Blood samples were taken through the caudal vena cava using 1-mL syringes before perfusion. Samples were collected from three mice or rats at 0.5, 1, 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h post-dose. Blood samples were centrifuged at 3,200g for 10 min at 4 °C. Following centrifugation, plasma was collected and frozen until further analysis. Compound concentrations were determined by LC-MS.

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In vivo efficacy in the mouse model of tuberculosis.[1]
The acute model was performed as previously described. Briefly, mice were infected with a high dose of M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Dosing was initiated 6 d after infection. Drugs [Telacebec (Q203; IAP6)] were administered orally for 3 d. Bacterial load in the lungs of infected mice was determined by colony-forming unit (CFU) enumeration. For the established mouse model, BALB/c mice were infected with 2 × 102 to 2 × 103 CFU of M. tuberculosis H37Rv by the intranasal route. Treatment was initiated 3 weeks after infection. Drugs were formulated in 20% TPGS and administered by oral gavage for 28 d, five times per week. Bacterial load in the lungs of infected mice was determined by CFU enumeration. For histopathology analysis, segments of the lungs were fixed with 10% neutral formalin, embedded in paraffin and processed for histology. Sections (5 μm) were stained with H&E. Histologic sections were used for morphologic analysis of the size and number of granulomas using an image analyzer.

Telacebec (Q203; IAP6) exhibits high metabolic stability in microsomes and cryopreserved hepatocytes from human, monkey, rat, and canine sources (Supplementary Table 5), suggesting that Telacebec (Q203; IAP6) may achieve good plasma concentrations in humans. Since any new anti-tuberculosis drug requires combination therapy with other drugs in clinical use, avoiding drug interactions is crucial. Telacebec (Q203; IAP6) did not inhibit any of the tested cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoenzymes, nor did it induce activation of the human pregnane X receptor (hPXR) (Supplementary Table 5). Furthermore, it is neither a substrate nor an inhibitor of the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (Supplementary Table 5), suggesting a low likelihood of drug interactions. [1] Next, we determined the pharmacokinetic characteristics of Telacebec (Q203; IAP6) in mice (Supplementary Table 6). The bioavailability of Telacebec (Q203; IAP6) was 90%, with a terminal half-life of 23.4 hours. It had a moderate volume of distribution (5.27 L/kg body weight) and a low systemic clearance (4.03 mL/min/kg). The pulmonary drug concentration was 2 to 3 times that of the serum drug concentration (Supplementary Table 7), which is an ideal characteristic for an anti-tuberculosis drug. [15] Given its ideal pharmacokinetics and safety, we evaluated the in vivo efficacy of Telacebec (Q203; IAP6). We first evaluated Telacebec (Q203; IAP6) in a mouse model of acute tuberculosis. The results showed that at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight, Telacebec (Q203; IAP6) reduced the bacterial load by more than 90%, which was comparable to that of bedaquiline or isoniazid (Figure 2a). Subsequently, we further evaluated Telacebec (Q203; IAP6) in an established mouse model of tuberculosis. After 4 weeks of treatment, we observed a 90%, 99%, and 99.9% reduction in the bacterial load of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, respectively, in the groups treated with doses of 0.4, 2, and 10 mg/kg body weight (Figure 2b). Compared to isoniazid, Telelacebec (Q203; IAP6) had a slower onset of action; the bacterial count decreased by less than an order of magnitude in the first two weeks of treatment, but by more than two orders of magnitude in the following two weeks. This change may be related to its pharmacokinetic properties or mechanism of action. Notably, bedaquiline also exhibited a similar time-dependent effect (Figure 2b). We also observed that Telelacebec (Q203; IAP6) reduced the formation of pulmonary granulomatous lesions (Figure 2c-i). In untreated mice, lung tissue sections contained multiple tuberculous granulomatous lesions (Fig. 2c), mainly composed of lymphocytes surrounding macrophages in the alveoli (Fig. 2f). In the isoniazid-treated group, we observed a reduction in the size of the granulomatous lesions; however, the number of inflammatory lesions was comparable to that in the untreated control group (Fig. 2d, g, i). In contrast, we observed a limited number of small granulomatous lesions in the lungs of mice treated with Telacebec (Q203; IAP6) (Fig. 2e-i). It is noteworthy that some other highly effective drugs, such as bedaquiline, also have significant therapeutic effects on lung pathology [1].

Given that successful treatment of tuberculosis requires at least six months, the safety of the candidate drug is crucial. To assess the cytotoxicity of Telacebec (Q203; IAP6), we determined the lowest concentrations that induced cell death in three eukaryotic cell lines. At concentrations up to 10 μM, we observed no cytotoxicity in any cell line (Figure 1d), resulting in a selectivity index of Telacebec (Q203; IAP6) >3700. We used an hERG potassium channel patch-clamp technique to determine whether Q203 would cause QT interval prolongation by inhibiting hERG potassium channels. Q203 did not inhibit hERG channels, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity (Supplementary Table 5). Furthermore, Q203 did not show genotoxicity in either the mini Ames mutagenesis assay or the micronucleus formation assay (Supplementary Table 5). To assess acute toxicity in mice, we administered high doses of Q203 and observed mice for 2 weeks. Mice tolerated a single oral dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight of Q203 well without any clinical signs of toxicity. The serum concentration of Q203 peaked at 14.8 μg/ml after 24 hours and remained at >3 μg/ml for at least 10 days (Supplementary Figure 3). In addition, in a long-term rat administration study, Q203 was well tolerated at a daily dose of 10 mg/kg body weight for 20 days without any weight loss (Supplementary Figure 4) or clinical signs of toxicity. These data suggest that Q203 is well tolerated at long-term exposure levels. [1]

[1]. Nat Med.2013 Sep;19(9):1157-60.

To combat the tuberculosis epidemic and the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis, new treatment strategies are urgently needed. These diseases remain a serious public health challenge worldwide. The most pressing clinical need is to discover potent drugs that can shorten the treatment course for MDR and XDR tuberculosis while maintaining efficacy comparable to existing drug-sensitive tuberculosis therapies. Over the past decade, several novel tuberculosis treatments have been discovered, some of which are currently in clinical trials. However, given the high failure rate of candidate drugs during clinical development and the emergence of drug resistance, it is clear that more clinical candidates need to be discovered. This article reports a promising class of imidazopyridine amide (IPA) compounds that inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by targeting the respiratory chain cytochrome bc1 complex. The optimized IPA compound Q203 inhibited the growth of clinical isolates of MDR and XDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis in broth culture at low nanomolar concentrations and demonstrated efficacy in a mouse model of tuberculosis at doses below 1 mg/kg body weight, highlighting the compound's potency. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of Q203 are consistent with a once-daily dosing regimen. In conclusion, our data suggest that Q203 is a promising new candidate drug for the treatment of tuberculosis. [1]

C43H44CLF3N4O8S2

901.41

900.224

C, 57.30; H, 4.92; Cl, 3.93; F, 6.32; N, 6.22; O, 14.20; S, 7.11

1566517-83-6

1334719-95-7;1566517-83-6 (ditosylate);

91617801

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

3

13

9

61

1000

0

ClC1C=CC2=NC(CC)=C(C(NCC3C=CC(=CC=3)N3CCC(C4C=CC(=CC=4)OC(F)(F)F)CC3)=O)N2C=1.S(C1C=CC(C)=CC=1)(=O)(=O)O.S(C1C=CC(C)=CC=1)(=O)(=O)O

CCGFTOLSNJBYDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C29H28ClF3N4O2.2C7H8O3S/c1-2-25-27(37-18-22(30)7-12-26(37)35-25)28(38)34-17-19-3-8-23(9-4-19)36-15-13-21(14-16-36)20-5-10-24(11-6-20)39-29(31,32)33;2*1-6-2-4-7(5-3-6)11(8,9)10/h3-12,18,21H,2,13-17H2,1H3,(H,34,38);2*2-5H,1H3,(H,8,9,10)

6-chloro-2-ethyl-N-[[4-[4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]piperidin-1-yl]phenyl]methyl]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide;4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)