Imidazole-d4 targets the same analytical applications as unlabeled imidazole. It serves as an isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) internal standard for accurate quantification of imidazole, histidine, histamine, and other imidazole-containing metabolites in biological samples (e.g., plasma, urine, tissue). The deuterium label provides a distinct mass shift (M+4 Da) from the endogenous unlabeled analyte, allowing precise quantification. Imidazole-d4 also targets NMR spectroscopy applications, where deuterium substitution reduces the intensity of proton signals, simplifying spectral interpretation. As a deuterated solvent/nutrient, it may be used in bacterial or fungal growth studies to produce perdeuterated secondary metabolites. Imidazole and imidazole-d4 also target enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and xanthine oxidase (XO), where imidazole acts as a weak inhibitor; the deuterated form has similar enzyme-targeting properties but is not used for pharmacological studies. Imidazole-d4 targets the preparation of perdeuterated ionic liquids (e.g., 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate-d14) for NMR-based studies of cellulose dissolution and other applications. It is used as a precursor for the synthesis of other deuterated compounds (e.g., 1-ethylimidazole-d8, 1-butylimidazole-d12) by reacting with deuterated alkyl iodides. Imidazole-d4 is a stable isotope-labeled internal standard used in mass spectrometry-based quantitative analysis of imidazole-containing compounds.

Imidazole-d4 itself does not exhibit pharmacological activity; it is an analytical standard. Its in vitro utility is demonstrated in bioanalytical assays. For quantification of imidazole in biological matrices, Imidazole-d4 (a fixed amount, e.g., 100 ng) is spiked into plasma, urine, or tissue homogenate. The sample is processed (protein precipitation with acetonitrile or methanol, liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, or solid-phase extraction) and analyzed by LC-MS/MS in MRM (multiple reaction monitoring) mode. The ratio of the endogenous imidazole peak area to the Imidazole-d4 internal standard peak area is used to calculate the exact concentration using a calibration curve. The deuterated standard corrects for variations in sample preparation, injection volume, and ionization efficiency. The compound shows no cytotoxicity or biological activity at the low concentrations used (typically nM to low uM range in extracts). It does not interfere with cell-based assays when used as an internal standard (added post-lysis or during extraction). Imidazole-d4 is also used in enzymatic assays where imidazole is a product or substrate (e.g., histidase assay), serving as an internal standard to quantify imidazole production. In these assays, the reaction mixture is spiked with Imidazole-d4 after the reaction is quenched, then analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The deuterated standard corrects for matrix effects. Imidazole-d4 has also been used to study the metabolism of imidazole-containing drugs, where it serves as a surrogate standard to track metabolic pathways. The compound has no biological activity at the concentrations used for standard applications (typically <1 uM in final extracts).

In vivo applications of Imidazole-d4 are primarily in metabolic tracer studies and in the preparation of perdeuterated compounds for NMR-based metabolomics. For metabolic studies, Imidazole-d4 (or its precursors) may be administered to animals (e.g., rats, mice) via intravenous or oral routes (typically low mg/kg doses) to study the metabolism of imidazole or the synthesis of imidazole-containing metabolites. The labeled compound is tracked in plasma, urine, and tissues by LC-MS/MS. However, because imidazole is an endogenous compound (derived from histidine metabolism), unlabeled imidazole is present at significant levels. Using Imidazole-d4 as a tracer allows differentiation of exogenous vs. endogenous imidazole. In one application, Imidazole-d4 is used to produce perdeuterated 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIM-OAc-d14) or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (BMIM-OAc-d18), which are ionic liquids used as solvents for NMR studies of cellulose and other biopolymers. These deuterated ionic liquids provide a deuterium background for NMR analysis of the solute (e.g., cellulose) without interfering proton signals. The perdeuterated ionic liquids are used to study the molecular interactions and dynamics of cellulose in solution by 2D NMR techniques. Imidazole-d4 is not used therapeutically in vivo; it is an analytical tool. No significant pharmacological effects are expected at tracer doses. The compound is generally well-tolerated at low doses (mg/kg range), but high doses (100+ mg/kg) may cause central nervous system depression or hepatotoxicity, similar to imidazole (which has an LD50 of about 200-500 mg/kg in rodents). For this reason, in vivo studies using Imidazole-d4 as a tracer are performed at the lowest possible doses (typically ≤10 mg/kg).

A non-cellular LC-MS/MS method for Imidazole-d4 as an internal standard: A calibration curve is prepared by spiking known amounts of unlabeled imidazole (0.5, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 ng/mL) into blank biological matrix (e.g., charcoal-stripped plasma or artificial urine). A fixed amount of Imidazole-d4 internal standard (e.g., 50 ng/mL) is added to all calibration standards and samples. The samples are extracted: protein precipitation with 3 volumes of acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid, vortex, centrifuge (14,000 rpm, 10 min). Supernatant is transferred to an autosampler vial. LC separation on a C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 microm) with a mobile phase of water (0.1% formic acid) and acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid) is used. MS/MS detection in positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) mode: imidazole (unlabeled) transitions: m/z 69 → 42 (quantifier), 69 → 28 (qualifier); Imidazole-d4 transitions: m/z 73 → 44 (quantifier), 73 → 30 (qualifier). The peak area ratio (analyte/IS) is plotted vs. nominal concentration to generate a linear calibration curve. The method is validated for accuracy, precision, linearity, recovery, and matrix effect. The internal standard compensates for ion suppression/enhancement. This method can be used to quantify imidazole in biological samples for research applications. For NMR applications, Imidazole-d4 is used as a deuterated solvent or as a precursor for perdeuterated ionic liquids. For the synthesis of 1-ethylimidazole-d8, Imidazole-d4 is reacted with ethyl iodide-d5 in the presence of a base (e.g., NaH, KOH) in a polar aprotic solvent (e.g., DMF, DMSO) at 50-80degC for 12-24 hours. The product is purified by distillation or extraction. The compound is also used as a deuterated NMR standard (reference compound) for ¹H NMR, ¹3C NMR, and 2H NMR. In ¹H NMR, Imidazole-d4 shows no detectable proton signals (other than exchangeable protons if present). The compound is also used as a stable isotope-labeled standard for quantifying imidazole and its derivatives in environmental and food samples.

Cellular assays are not typically performed with Imidazole-d4 because it is an analytical standard. However, in a cell-based metabolism study of imidazole, cells (e.g., hepatocytes) are incubated with unlabeled imidazole (1-100 uM, 0-24 hours). At each time point, the medium and cell lysate are collected, spiked with Imidazole-d4 internal standard (e.g., 50 nM final concentration), and processed for LC-MS/MS analysis to quantify imidazole and its metabolites (e.g., 2-oxo-imidazole, imidazole-acetic acid). Imidazole-d4 corrects for losses during sample preparation and variation in MS signal. The compound is not added to live cells because it would compete with endogenous imidazole for quantification; instead, the IS is added post-lysis. For cytotoxicity testing of imidazole (for comparison), cells are treated with imidazole (50-500 uM, 24-48 hours) and viability is measured by MTT. Imidazole-d4 is not used in such assays. In bacterial growth studies, Imidazole-d4 may be used as a stable isotope-labeled nutrient to produce perdeuterated metabolites for NMR analysis; bacteria are cultured in minimal medium supplemented with Imidazole-d4 as the sole nitrogen source or as a precursor. After growth, bacterial metabolites are extracted and analyzed by 2D NMR to identify unknown compounds. The deuterated compounds allow differentiation of bacterial-derived metabolites from background. No direct effect of Imidazole-d4 on cell viability is observed at concentrations up to 1 mM in bacteria or eukaryotic cells; unlabeled imidazole at the same concentration may have mild inhibitory effects on some cell types.

In vivo animal experiments using Imidazole-d4 are limited. For a metabolic tracer study in rats, male SD rats (200-250 g) are administered a single intravenous or oral dose of Imidazole-d4 (e.g., 0.5-5 mg/kg in saline). Blood samples (100 uL) are collected via tail vein at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 hours post-dose. Urine is collected in metabolic cages at 0-4, 4-8, 8-12, 12-24 hours. Feces are collected over 24 hours. Plasma, urine, and feces extracts are spiked with a second internal standard (e.g., imidazole-¹3C3) and analyzed by LC-MS/MS to quantify Imidazole-d4 and its metabolites. Imidazole is metabolized primarily by ring oxidation (to 2-oxo-imidazole) and by conjugation with glucuronic acid. The labeled standard allows tracking of the metabolic fate of administered imidazole. For the synthesis of perdeuterated ionic liquids for in vivo NMR metabolomics, Imidazole-d4 is reacted with deuterated alkyl iodides (e.g., ethyl-d5 iodide) in the presence of a base in a sealed tube under inert atmosphere. The resulting EMIM-OAc-d14 is purified and used as a "deuterated lock solvent" for 2H NMR analysis of biological fluids (e.g., plasma, urine) in combination with ¹H NMR. The perdeuterated solvent provides a deuterium signal for field-frequency lock and suppresses interfering proton signals. This application is ex vivo on extracted samples, not in vivo. For toxicity testing of imidazole (unlabeled) in vivo, rats are administered imidazole (50-200 mg/kg) orally for 14 days, and toxicity is assessed by histopathology and clinical chemistry. Imidazole-d4 is not used for toxicity studies because it is essentially identical in toxicity to unlabeled imidazole; the deuterated form is more expensive and not necessary for such studies. For pharmacokinetic studies, Imidazole-d4 is used as an IS in the analysis of imidazole-containing drugs. The animals are dosed with the drug, and Imidazole-d4 is added to the plasma extracts post-collection as an internal standard. It is not administered to the animals in these studies.

Imidazole-d4 is a stable isotope-labeled compound; its pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination) are essentially identical to unlabeled imidazole because the isotope effect is negligible for the small molecular weight imidazole (except for a possible small kinetic isotope effect on CYP450 metabolism). In rats, imidazole has high oral bioavailability (F% ∼80-100%). The Cmax after oral administration (10 mg/kg) is reached at Tmax 0.5-1 hour with a peak plasma concentration of 5-15 uM. The plasma half-life (t½) is 1-2 hours. Volume of distribution (Vd) is 0.5-1 L/kg, indicating distribution primarily in total body water. Imidazole is not extensively bound to plasma proteins (<20%). Metabolism occurs primarily in the liver via CYP450-mediated oxidation (CYP2E1, CYP3A4) to 2-oxo-imidazole and 4(5)-hydroxyimidazole, followed by conjugation with glucuronic acid. The metabolites are excreted in urine (60-80% of the dose within 24 hours). Less than 10% of the dose is excreted unchanged in urine. Biliary excretion is minor. Imidazole-d4 is expected to have the same pharmacokinetic parameters. In mice, similar parameters are observed (t½ ∼0.5-1 hour). The compound penetrates the blood-brain barrier moderately (brain/plasma ratio ∼0.3-0.5). Imidazole-d4 is not a substrate for P-glycoprotein. The compound is stable in plasma at 37degC for at least 4 hours. Because Imidazole-d4 is used as an analytical internal standard, its PK is only relevant in the context of tracer studies. For analytical purposes, the compound is added to the sample post-collection, so PK is irrelevant. The deuterated compound is chemically and isotopically stable under recommended storage conditions. The compound is supplied as a solid, typically in vials. It is hygroscopic and should be stored in a tightly sealed container. The deuterium atoms do not exchange with hydrogen in water (pH 4-9) at room temperature because they are attached to the aromatic ring carbons and are not exchangeable. The deuterium atoms are stable in strong acids or bases only under forcing conditions (high temperature, prolonged exposure). The compound is stable in biological fluids for up to 24 hours at 37degC. The isotopic purity (98 atom% D or higher) is maintained under normal handling conditions. It is suitable as an NMR solvent because the residual proton signal is very low (2% of natural abundance). The melting point of Imidazole-d4 is 89-91degC (similar to unlabeled imidazole, 89-91degC). The boiling point is 256degC. The density is similar to unlabeled imidazole. The compound is soluble in water, ethanol, and DMSO. The NMR spectra: ¹H NMR (D2O) shows no protons (exchangeable N-H may be present if not exchanged with D2O; this signal is variable). ¹3C NMR shows four peaks (the carbons of imidazole) with splitting due to deuterium coupling. 2H NMR (in D2O, lock on internal D2O) shows a single broad peak (the four deuterons are equivalent on the NMR timescale).

Toxicology: Imidazole itself is moderately toxic. The oral LD50 in rats is approximately 200-500 mg/kg. Acute toxicity symptoms include central nervous system depression (ataxia, sedation), gastrointestinal distress (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), and hepatotoxicity (elevated liver enzymes) at high doses. Chronic exposure may cause liver and kidney damage. Imidazole is a skin and eye irritant. It may cause allergic skin reactions in sensitive individuals. Imidazole-d4 has the same acute toxicity as unlabeled imidazole because the deuterium substitution does not significantly alter the chemical properties. The compound is not classified as a mutagen (Ames test negative for imidazole) but may have reproductive toxicity at very high doses (not well studied). Imidazole is not classified as a human carcinogen. Imidazole-d4 is a hazardous substance: Harmful if swallowed. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage (based on the SDS of imidazole). May damage fertility or the unborn child based on some rodent studies. Personal protective equipment (gloves, lab coat, safety goggles) must be used when handling the solid powder. Avoid inhalation of dust, skin contact, and eye contact. Work in a well-ventilated area (fume hood). In case of eye contact, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. If swallowed, rinse mouth with water and seek medical attention. Do not induce vomiting. The compound is stable under normal handling. It is not flammable, but fine dust may form explosive mixtures with air. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place away from strong acids, strong bases, and strong oxidizing agents. Keep container tightly closed when not in use. The compound is for research use only; not for diagnostic, therapeutic, or food use. Disposal must be in accordance with local regulations for hazardous chemical waste. Use appropriate disposal containers. For spillage, absorb with inert material (e.g., vermiculite, sand) and collect in a sealed container for disposal. Avoid dust generation. The compound has a GHS classification: Acute Tox. 4 Oral, Eye Dam. 1, Skin Corr. 1B, Repr. 1B. Signal word: Danger. Hazard statements: H302 (Harmful if swallowed), H318 (Causes serious eye damage), H314 (Causes severe skin burns and eye damage), H360 (May damage fertility or the unborn child). Precautionary statements: P260 (Do not breathe dust), P280 (Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection), P305+P351+P338 (IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing), P308+P313 (IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention).

[1]. Impact of Deuterium Substitution on the Pharmacokinetics of Pharmaceuticals. Ann Pharmacother. 2019 Feb;53(2):211-216.

Imidazole-d4 (CAS: 6923-01-9) is a deuterium-labeled (stable isotope) derivative of imidazole. It is also known as 1H-Imidazole-1,2,4,5-d4, Glyoxaline-d4, and metazolin-d4. The isotopic purity is typically 98 atom% D (deuterium) or higher. The chemical purity is 99% (CP grade). The compound is supplied as a white to off-white solid powder. The molecular formula is C3D4N2. The molecular weight is 72.10 g/mol. It is primarily used as a stable isotope-labeled internal standard in mass spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of imidazole and imidazole-containing compounds in biological samples, food, and environmental matrices. It is also used as a deuterated NMR solvent and as a precursor for the synthesis of perdeuterated ionic liquids, which are used as solvents for NMR-based studies of cellulose and other biopolymers. The compound is used in the synthesis of 1-ethylimidazole-d8 and 1-butylimidazole-d12, which are further used to prepare perdeuterated ionic liquids (EMIM-OAc-d14 and BMIM-OAc-d18). It is a research-grade reagent and is not an approved drug or diagnostic agent. The compound is not intended for human or veterinary use. It is available in small quantities (e.g., 0.5 g, 1 g). Storage: at room temperature or -20degC for long-term storage (the compound is stable). Keep container tightly sealed in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place. Protect from moisture (hygroscopic). Avoid exposure to strong acids, strong bases, and strong oxidizing agents. The compound is not flammable but may be combustible as a fine powder. The melting point is 89-91degC. The boiling point is 256degC. The density is approximately 1.1 g/cm3 (predicted). The compound is soluble in water, ethanol, DMSO, and other polar organic solvents. For NMR applications, it is often used as a 0.5-1% w/v solution in D2O or other deuterated solvents. The compound is also used as a standard for 2H NMR spectroscopy, where the four equivalent deuterons give a single sharp peak. The chemical shift (delta) in D2O is 7.5-8.0 ppm relative to an external standard (e.g., TSP-d4). The compound is also used to study tautomerism in imidazoles by ¹⁵N NMR (requires ¹⁵N-labeled imidazole for some studies; for that, ¹⁵N-labeled imidazole is required, not Imidazole-d4). The compound is a versatile tool for isotope dilution mass spectrometry, metabolic flux analysis (through the synthesis of perdeuterated metabolites), and NMR-based structural biology. It is not a pharmaceutical drug and is not used in clinical therapy. It is supplied by numerous chemical suppliers and is available in small packaging (100 mg, 500 mg, 1 g). Always check the purity and isotopic enrichment before use. For mass spectrometry applications, the isotopic purity must be verified to ensure accurate quantification. For NMR applications, the level of residual proton signal (∼2% of natural abundance) must be considered when interpreting spectra. The compound can be purchased with higher isotopic purity (e.g., 99.5 atom% D) from specialized suppliers. The compound is stable under recommended storage conditions for at least 2 years. Do not use if discoloration or clumping is observed. The compound is hygroscopic; if exposed to moist air, it may absorb water, forming a sticky solid or solution. Always allow the container to equilibrate to room temperature before opening to avoid condensation of moisture. Weigh the compound quickly and reseal immediately. The compound is not compatible with strong oxidizing agents (e.g., peroxides, permanganates) and strong acids (e.g., H2SO4, HNO3) due to the risk of decomposition and exothermic reactions. The compound is relatively non-toxic at the low concentrations used in analytical chemistry (ppm levels) but should be handled as a potential irritant. After handling, wash hands thoroughly. The compound is not a controlled substance and is not subject to international drug control agreements. However, it is a regulated chemical in some contexts (e.g., precursor for the synthesis of ionic liquids that may be used in certain industrial applications). Always follow your institution's safety guidelines when using this compound. Dispose of waste according to local environmental regulations. This information is provided for research guidance only and is not a substitute for a complete safety data sheet (SDS) provided by the manufacturer. Users should obtain and read the SDS before use. The compound is supplied as a solid; do not pipette the solid; use a spatula. For solution preparation, dissolve the solid in the appropriate solvent (e.g., water, DMSO) by shaking or sonication. The compound should be stored at -20degC for long-term storage. The manufacturer may specify storage at room temperature for short-term use. The compound is stable for 24 hours in solution at 4degC. Long-term storage of solutions is not recommended. Aliquots can be stored frozen at -20degC for months. However, due to the risk of deuterium-hydrogen exchange in aqueous solutions (the aromatic C-D bonds are stable, but the N-H/D (exchangeable proton) can exchange with water), the compound may be diluted in D2O or another deuterated solvent if the retention of the deuterium label on the exchangeable positions is required. For standard LC-MS applications, the exchangeable protons are not important; the compound is typically used as an internal standard in protic solvents (e.g., water, methanol). The compound is provided in vials with a cap seal. Open only in a clean, dust-free environment. The compound is not radioactive. The compound is not a biohazard. The compound is not classified as a marine pollutant. The compound is not restricted under the Rotterdam Convention or the Stockholm Convention. The compound is not listed in the REACH candidate list as a substance of very high concern (SVHC). Nonetheless, safe handling and disposal are required for any laboratory chemical.

C3D4N2

72.10

72.062

6923-01-9

Imidazole;288-32-4

11701027

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

1.182g/cm3

257ºC at 760 mmHg

89-91ºC

145ºC

1.528

0.409

1

1

0

5

28.1

0

[2H]C1=C(N(C(=N1)[2H])[2H])[2H]

RAXXELZNTBOGNW-MSWVZFBTSA-N

InChI=1S/C3H4N2/c1-2-5-3-4-1/h1-3H,(H,4,5)/i1D,2D,3D/hD

1,2,4,5-tetradeuterioimidazole

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)