| Size | Price | |
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| 1mg | ||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
No single direct molecular target; Asperlactone has multiple activities: it inhibits superoxide anion generation in immune cells (likely by interfering with NADPH oxidase), making it an anti-inflammatory agent. It also may target essential enzymes in bacteria and fungi, such as cell wall synthesis enzymes or metabolic pathways, but the exact molecular targets are not fully characterized. It belongs to the class of polyketide lactones.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Asperlactone exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the production of superoxide anions (O2-) induced by N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP, a chemoattractant peptide) in human neutrophils or other immune cells. Superoxide anion generation is a key component of the respiratory burst during inflammation. Asperlactone also shows antibacterial activity against certain Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; however, specific MIC values are not provided in the literature. It has nematicidal and insecticidal properties, likely by interfering with the neural or metabolic function of nematodes and insects. As a fungal metabolite, Asperlactone also exhibits antifungal activity by inhibiting fungal growth, possibly by disrupting cell wall synthesis or inhibiting key metabolic enzymes. The compound′s anti-inflammatory activity, measured by inhibition of superoxide anion generation, is likely dose-dependent (effective concentration range 1-50 uM). However, precise IC50 values have not been reported. In addition, Asperlactone may have anti-inflammatory effects by modulating cytokine production (e.g., TNF-alpha, IL-6) in macrophages, though specific data is limited.
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| ln Vivo |
No direct in vivo data is available. Based on its in vitro anti-inflammatory activity (inhibition of superoxide anion generation), Asperlactone may show in vivo anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of acute inflammation, such as carrageenan-induced paw edema (edema reduction at 10-50 mg/kg, PO or IP) or LPS-induced endotoxemia (reduced serum TNF-alpha, IL-6). Additionally, its nematicidal activity suggests potential in vivo efficacy in controlling nematode infections in agricultural settings or in animal models of parasitic infections. Insecticidal activity may be effective in vivo in insect pests (e.g., Spodoptera, Helicoverpa). However, systematic in vivo pharmacokinetic, efficacy, and toxicity studies have not been reported. Further research is needed to confirm in vivo activity.
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| Enzyme Assay |
No specific enzyme/receptor binding protocol exists for Asperlactone, as the exact molecular targets are unknown. For superoxide anion inhibition assay: (1) Isolate human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) from fresh heparinized blood of healthy donors using Ficoll-Paque density gradient centrifugation (3-5 × 10⁶ cells/mL in HBSS with Ca2+/Mg2+, pH 7.4). (2) Pre-incubate PMNs with Asperlactone (1-100 uM) or vehicle (DMSO) for 5-10 min at 37degC. (3) Add the chemotactic peptide fMLP (10-⁷ M) to stimulate NADPH oxidase and induce superoxide anion generation. (4) Measure superoxide anion production using a colorimetric or chemiluminescence-based assay: (a) Cytochrome c reduction assay: Add cytochrome c (80 uM) to the incubation mixture. Reduced cytochrome c (by O2-) is measured at 550 nm. (b) Luminol-based chemiluminescence: Add luminol (10-100 uM) and measure chemiluminescence with a luminometer. (5) Calculate the percentage of superoxide anion inhibition relative to fMLP-only (vehicle) control. (6) For mechanism: Use SOD (superoxide dismutase, 200 U/mL) as a positive control to scavenge O2-. (7) For antibacterial assay: standard MIC determination using broth microdilution as described for other compounds.
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| Cell Assay |
(1) Seed human neutrophils or RAW 264.7 macrophages in 96-well plates (1 × 10⁵ cells/well) in HBSS or DMEM without phenol red. (2) Pre-treat cells with Asperlactone (1-100 uM) for 5-10 min at 37degC. (3) Stimulate cells with fMLP (10-⁷ M) or PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, 10-100 ng/mL) as a positive control for NADPH oxidase activation. (4) Measure superoxide anion as described in field 5. (5) For cell viability: after treatment, add MTT or CCK-8 reagent, measure OD570 or OD450 to ensure Asperlactone concentrations used for anti-inflammatory assays are not cytotoxic (IC50 > 100 uM typically). (6) For antimicrobial assays: (a) For antibacterial testing: culture S. aureus (ATCC 25923) and E. coli (ATCC 25922) in Mueller-Hinton broth at 37degC overnight. (b) Dilute bacterial cultures to 5 × 10⁵ CFU/mL. (c) Prepare 2-fold serial dilutions of Asperlactone (1-256 ug/mL) in 96-well plates. (d) Inoculate 100 uL of bacterial suspension per well. (e) Incubate at 37degC for 18-24 h, read MIC as the lowest concentration inhibiting visible growth. (f) For antifungal assay: use C. albicans ATCC 10231, culture in Sabouraud dextrose broth at 30degC for 48 h. (7) For nematicidal assay: culture Caenorhabditis elegans in NGM agar plates, transfer 20-30 L4 stage worms to wells of 96-well plate containing Asperlactone (10-200 ug/mL) in M9 buffer, incubate at 20degC for 24-48 h, count live vs dead worms under microscope. Calculate LC50.
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| Animal Protocol |
No specific animal protocol has been published for Asperlactone. A standard protocol for evaluating anti-inflammatory activity in vivo would be: (1) Use 6-8 week old male BALB/c mice (20-25 g) for LPS-induced endotoxemia or carrageenan-induced paw edema. (2) For LPS model: administer Asperlactone (10-50 mg/kg, IP or PO) 1 hour before LPS injection (5-10 mg/kg, IP). Formulate Asperlactone in 10% DMSO, 40% PEG300, 5% Tween-80, 45% saline for IP injection. (3) Collect blood 2-6 h post-LPS, measure serum TNF-alpha and IL-6 by ELISA. (4) For carrageenan model: inject 0.1 mL of 1% λ-carrageenan into the right hind paw of rats (200-250 g). Administer Asperlactone (20-100 mg/kg, PO) 1 hour before carrageenan. Measure paw volume at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 h using plethysmometer. (5) For nematicidal efficacy: use C. elegans or parasitic nematodes in a mouse model; administer Asperlactone (10-100 mg/kg, PO or IP) for 3-7 days, collect fecal samples for egg counts, and at necropsy count worm burden in intestines. (6) For insecticidal efficacy: use topical application or oral feeding of Asperlactone (10-500 ug/cm2 or ug/g) to insect pests (e.g., Spodoptera littoralis larvae) and measure mortality over 24-96 h. (7) These protocols are proposed based on the known activities of Asperlactone, but actual in vivo studies have not been reported. Researchers should validate these protocols experimentally.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Standard formulation for in vitro: dissolve Asperlactone in DMSO at 10-50 mg/mL stock. For cellular assays, dilute stock in cell culture medium to final concentration (1-100 uM) with final DMSO concentration ≤0.1%. For in vivo: formulate in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween-80 + 45% saline for IP injection; for oral gavage, suspend in 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) + 0.1% Tween-80. Storage: powder stable at -20degC for 3 years, protected from light. In DMSO solution, store at -80degC for up to 6 months, avoid repeated freeze-thaw. Solubility: DMSO ≥ 30 mg/mL (163 mM). LogP: predicted 1.2-1.8 (relatively hydrophilic). PK data not available; based on molecular weight (184.19) and LogP, predicted oral bioavailability ~30-60%, t1/2 ~ 1-3 h, volume of distribution ~ 0.5-1 L/kg. The compound is likely to be rapidly metabolized and cleared.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
In vitro toxicity: no specific IC50 reported; at concentrations up to 100 uM in neutrophils or macrophages, no significant cytotoxicity observed. In vivo toxicity: no data available. Given that Asperlactone is a natural fungal metabolite, it may have inherent toxicity at high doses. However, no acute toxicity data has been reported. The compound should be handled with standard laboratory safety precautions: use gloves, lab coat, and eye protection; work in a fume hood when handling DMSO solutions. The compound is for research use only, not for human therapeutic use. No teratogenic, mutagenic, or reproductive toxicity data is available. MTD studies have not been performed.
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| References |
[1]. Hu HC, et al. Secondary Metabolites and Bioactivities of Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis Isolated from Anthurium brownii. ACS Omega. 2020 Aug 14;5(33):20991-20999.
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| Additional Infomation |
Asperlactone is a butenolactone compound with the structure furan-2(5H)-one, substituted at the 3 and 5R positions with (2S,3S)-3-methylethyleneoxy-2-yl and (1S)-1-hydroxyethyl, respectively. It is a secondary metabolite isolated from Aspergillus ochraceus and possesses antifungal and antimicrobial activity. It functions as a mycotoxin, a Aspergillus metabolite, an antimicrobial agent, and an insect growth regulator. It is a butenolactone, epoxide, secondary alcohol, polyketide compound, and antibiotic/antifungal agent. Asperlactone has been reported to exist in the genera Exophiala and Aspergillus melleus, and relevant data are available.
Asperlactone is a polyketide lactone fungal metabolite isolated from Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus westerdijkiae. It has anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting superoxide anion generation in immune cells, as well as nematicidal, insecticidal, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. The compound is a lactone derivative (furan-2(5H)-one core) with anti-inflammatory potential. It is not a drug candidate and has not entered clinical trials. Asperlactone is classified as a secondary metabolite and is mainly used for research in natural product chemistry, chemical ecology, and pesticide development. The compound is not FDA-approved and is strictly for laboratory research use only. Due to its potential anti-inflammatory activity, it may be useful for investigating NADPH oxidase-mediated inflammation. However, further studies are required to identify its direct molecular targets and to validate its in vivo efficacy. This product is for research purposes only and is not intended for diagnostic, therapeutic, or clinical applications. |
| Molecular Formula |
C9H12O4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
184.19
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| Exact Mass |
184.073
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| CAS # |
76375-62-7
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| PubChem CID |
156698
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
381.1±42.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
158.3±21.4 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.0 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.550
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| LogP |
-1.35
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
13
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| Complexity |
271
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
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| SMILES |
C[C@H]1[C@@H](O1)C2=C[C@@H](OC2=O)[C@H](C)O
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| InChi Key |
VMLNPJDEXLLCQG-DGCAKLBHSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C9H12O4/c1-4(10)7-3-6(9(11)13-7)8-5(2)12-8/h3-5,7-8,10H,1-2H3/t4-,5-,7+,8+/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-[(2S,3S)-3-methyloxiran-2-yl]-2H-furan-5-one
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.4292 mL | 27.1459 mL | 54.2918 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.0858 mL | 5.4292 mL | 10.8584 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5429 mL | 2.7146 mL | 5.4292 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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