| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| 1mg | ||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Microbial Metabolite
No specific direct pharmacological target has been established; Fumiquinazoline D is classified as an Endogenous Metabolite and Microbial Metabolite and mycotoxin. It is weakly active against some tumor cell lines; however, its primary mechanism of action is not fully characterized. It may act as an inhibitor of fungal or bacterial enzymes, but direct molecular targets remain unclear. |
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Fumiquinazoline D shows weak to moderate antimicrobial activity. It has activity against Gram-positive bacteria (including Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria (including Escherichia coli and Klebsiella aerogenes) with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 8-16 ug/mL. It also exhibits antifungal activity against Fusarium solani (MIC = 32 ug/mL) and Candida albicans (MIC = 64 ug/mL). The compound shows weak cytotoxicity against some tumor cell lines, but specific IC50 values have not been reported. Fumiquinazoline D′s limited and weak bioactivity suggests that it may not be a highly potent compound, but rather a moderate or supportive secondary metabolite in the fungal defense arsenal. As a mycotoxin, it may have toxic effects on eukaryotic cells at high concentrations, but these have not been extensively quantified.
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| ln Vivo |
No specific in vivo data is available. As a fungal metabolite with weak antimicrobial activity and mycotoxin properties, Fumiquinazoline D would likely exhibit some in vivo toxicity if administered at high doses, but no animal studies have been reported. Its role as a chemotaxonomic marker for A. fumigatus is more important than its direct pharmacological activities. In vivo studies would be required to determine pharmacokinetics and toxicity, but these have not been published.
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| Enzyme Assay |
No specific enzyme/receptor binding protocol is available. For binding studies, standard protocols could be applied using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) with purified target proteins, but no targets have been identified. For antimicrobial activity assays: (1) Prepare bacterial cultures (e.g., S. aureus ATCC 25923, E. coli ATCC 25922) in Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) to a density of 5 × 10⁵ CFU/mL. (2) Prepare Fumiquinazoline D stock solution in DMSO (1-10 mg/mL). (3) Perform 2-fold serial dilutions of the compound (1-256 ug/mL) in 96-well plates. (4) Inoculate each well with 100 uL of bacterial suspension. (5) Incubate at 37degC for 18-24 hours. (6) Determine MIC as the lowest concentration with no visible bacterial growth. (7) For quality control, include vancomycin (Gram-positive) or gentamicin (Gram-negative) as positive controls.
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| Cell Assay |
(1) Seed cancer cell lines (e.g., HeLa cervical, A549 lung, MCF-7 breast, or U251 glioma) at 5,000-10,000 cells/well in 96-well plates in appropriate culture medium (DMEM or RPMI-1640 with 10% FBS). (2) Incubate overnight at 37degC, 5% CO2. (3) Treat cells with Fumiquinazoline D at concentrations ranging from 1-100 uM (or 0.1-100 ug/mL) for 48-72 hours. (4) For viability assessment: add MTT (0.5 mg/mL) or CellTiter-Glo reagent, incubate for 2-4 h, measure OD570 (MTT) or luminescence. (5) Calculate IC50 using GraphPad Prism (if compounds show cytotoxicity). (6) For apoptosis detection: after 48 h treatment, collect cells, stain with Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI), analyze by flow cytometry. (7) For antimicrobial activity: see field 5 for protocol; the same method applies for testing against fungi: use Sabouraud dextrose broth, incubate at 30degC for 48 h. (8) For negative control: treat cells with DMSO vehicle (final DMSO concentration ≤0.1%). (9) For positive control: use doxorubicin (1-10 uM) for cytotoxicity or amphotericin B (1-16 ug/mL) for antifungal activity.
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| Animal Protocol |
No specific animal protocol has been published. A standard protocol for evaluating antimicrobial or antifungal efficacy in vivo would be: (1) Use 6-8 week old BALB/c mice (20-25 g) for acute toxicity studies. (2) For antimicrobial efficacy: use a murine thigh infection model with S. aureus or E. coli. (3) Administer Fumiquinazoline D IP or IV at 10-100 mg/kg, formulated in 10% DMSO, 40% PEG300, 5% Tween-80, 45% saline. (4) For toxicity studies (MTD): administer single escalating doses (10, 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg, IP or PO) to groups of mice (n=5 per dose). (5) Monitor animals for 14 days, record mortality, body weight changes, and clinical signs (lethargy, hunched posture, diarrhea). (6) At endpoint, collect blood for clinical chemistry (ALT, AST, BUN, creatinine) and perform necropsy with histopathological examination of liver, kidney, spleen, and lung. (7) Determine MTD as the highest dose with no mortality and no significant weight loss (>15%). (8) For antifungal efficacy: use a murine model of systemic candidiasis (C. albicans infection) and treat with Fumiquinazoline D (10-100 mg/kg, IP) for 3-7 days; measure fungal burden (CFU) in kidneys. (9) No such studies have been performed to date.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Standard formulation for in vitro: dissolve Fumiquinazoline D in DMSO at 10-50 mg/mL stock solution. For cellular assays, dilute stock in culture medium to final concentration, with final DMSO concentration ≤0.1% to avoid cytotoxicity. For in vivo: formulate in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween-80 + 45% saline for IP/IV injection. For oral gavage, suspend in 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) + 0.1% Tween-80. Storage: powder stable at -20degC for 3 years, protected from light; solutions should be stored at -80degC for up to 6 months. Solubility: DMSO ≥ 20 mg/mL (≥ 45.1 mM). Water solubility is poor (<1 mg/mL). LogP: predicted 2.5-3.5. No PK data is available; based on molecular weight (443.45) and LogP, predicted oral bioavailability is moderate (~30-50%), t1/2 ~ 2-4 h, and volume of distribution ~ 1-2 L/kg.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
In vitro toxicity: no specific IC50 reported; in cell lines at concentrations up to 50 ug/mL (~113 uM), no significant cytotoxicity observed. In vivo toxicity: no data available. However, as a fungal mycotoxin, Fumiquinazoline D may have inherent toxicity at high doses. Compounds from Aspergillus fumigatus are known to cause toxicity via various mechanisms, such as inhibition of protein synthesis or cell cycle disruption. Based on the weak antimicrobial and anticancer activity, Fumiquinazoline D is not highly cytotoxic. However, proper safety precautions (gloves, lab coat, eye protection, working in a fume hood) should be used when handling this compound. The compound is for research use only, not for human therapeutic use. No reproductive or developmental toxicity data is available.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Fumiquinazoline D is a fungal quinazoline alkaloid first isolated from a marine strain of Aspergillus fumigatus (Numata et al., 1995). It is a secondary metabolite and mycotoxin that has been reported as a useful chemotaxonomic marker for strains of A. fumigatus. The fumiquinazoline family includes related compounds such as fumiquinazolines A, B, C, and other analogs, which have varied biological activities ranging from antimicrobial to cytotoxic. Fumiquinazoline D shows weak activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs 8-16 ug/mL) and some fungi (MICs 32-64 ug/mL), with weak cytotoxic effects against tumor cell lines. The pharmacology of fumiquinazoline D has not been extensively reported, and its direct molecular targets remain unknown. It is not a drug candidate and has not entered clinical trials. This product is isolated from natural sources and is intended for research use only, including natural product chemistry, chemical biology, and as a reference standard for the detection of A. fumigatus metabolites. It is not FDA-approved and is strictly for laboratory research purposes.
|
| Molecular Formula |
C24H21N5O4
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
443.45
|
| Exact Mass |
443.159
|
| CAS # |
140715-86-2
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| PubChem CID |
15224333
|
| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
|
| LogP |
1.942
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
33
|
| Complexity |
984
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
5
|
| SMILES |
C[C@H]1C(=O)N2[C@H](N1)[C@@]3(C[C@@H]4C(=O)N[C@](O3)(C5=NC6=CC=CC=C6C(=O)N45)C)C7=CC=CC=C72
|
| InChi Key |
POEYRUBMWIOMTB-YUGBTJNTSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C24H21N5O4/c1-12-19(31)28-16-10-6-4-8-14(16)24(22(28)25-12)11-17-18(30)27-23(2,33-24)21-26-15-9-5-3-7-13(15)20(32)29(17)21/h3-10,12,17,22,25H,11H2,1-2H3,(H,27,30)/t12-,17+,22-,23+,24+/m0/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(1R,2'S,3'aS,12R,14R)-2',12-dimethylspiro[13-oxa-2,10,17-triazatetracyclo[10.3.2.02,11.04,9]heptadeca-4,6,8,10-tetraene-14,4'-3,3a-dihydro-2H-imidazo[1,2-a]indole]-1',3,16-trione
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.2550 mL | 11.2752 mL | 22.5505 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4510 mL | 2.2550 mL | 4.5101 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2255 mL | 1.1275 mL | 2.2550 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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