| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
No direct pharmacological target; Taurocholic acid-d4 sodium is an isotope-labeled internal standard. The unlabeled taurocholic acid (taurocholate) is a primary bile acid conjugate formed from cholic acid and taurine in the liver, playing essential roles in the emulsification and absorption of dietary fats, lipids, and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) in the intestine. It also has immunomodulatory properties and serves as an endogenous metabolite and a signaling molecule via TGR5 and FXR receptors.
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| ln Vitro |
As a deuterated internal standard, taurocholic acid-d4 sodium is not biologically active. The unlabeled taurocholic acid is the major bile salt in humans and most mammals, involved in: (1) Emulsification of dietary fats: taurocholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize lipids and facilitate their absorption in the small intestine. (2) Regulation of cholesterol metabolism: taurocholic acid activates the nuclear receptor FXR (farnesoid X receptor) and the G protein-coupled receptor TGR5, regulating bile acid synthesis, lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and energy expenditure. (3) Immunomodulation: taurocholic acid has immunomodulatory effects on macrophages and T cells, reducing LPS-induced TNF-alpha and IL-6 production in vitro at concentrations of 50-200 uM. (4) Bile flow promotion: taurocholic acid promotes bile flow and increases biliary lipid secretion in the liver.
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| ln Vivo |
No direct in vivo activity for taurocholic acid-d4 sodium. The unlabeled taurocholic acid plays essential roles in fat digestion and absorption; deficiency leads to fat malabsorption and steatorrhea. In animal models, taurocholic acid administration (100-500 mg/kg, PO, IV) increases bile flow, reduces gallstone formation, and improves fat absorption. In cholestatic liver diseases (e.g., primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis), taurocholic acid and other bile acids accumulate, causing hepatocyte injury. Taurocholic acid also modulates gut microbiota composition and intestinal barrier function. Serum taurocholic acid levels are decreased in patients with certain liver diseases and increased in cholestasis.
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| Enzyme Assay |
No specific enzyme/receptor binding protocol; taurocholic acid-d4 is used as an internal standard. For quantification of bile acids in biological samples by LC-MS/MS: (1) Prepare calibration standards in blank serum/plasma, bile, urine, or tissue homogenates by spiking known concentrations of unlabeled taurocholic acid (analyte) with a fixed concentration of taurocholic acid-d4 sodium (internal standard, e.g., 100-500 ng/mL). (2) Perform protein precipitation by adding 3-5 volumes of ice-cold acetonitrile or methanol to 50-100 uL of sample. (3) Vortex and centrifuge (14,000 rpm, 10 min, 4degC), transfer supernatant to a new tube. (4) Evaporate to dryness under nitrogen, reconstitute in mobile phase (e.g., 5 mM ammonium acetate in water/methanol, 40:60). (5) Separate on a C18 reverse-phase column (e.g., 2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 um) at 40degC with a gradient elution from 30% to 80% methanol over 10 min. (6) Detect by ESI-MS/MS in negative ion mode using MRM transitions: taurocholic acid: 514 → 80 (or 514 → 124); taurocholic acid-d4: 518 → 80 (or 518 → 124). (7) Quantify taurocholic acid concentration using the analyte/internal standard peak area ratio and a calibration curve.
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| Cell Assay |
(1) For isotope tracing: seed hepatocytes (e.g., primary mouse hepatocytes or HepG2 cells) in 6-well plates in serum-free medium overnight. (2) Add taurocholic acid-d4 sodium (0.1-50 uM) to culture medium for 0-48 h. (3) Collect cells and medium separately, extract with acetonitrile/methanol (1:1), centrifuge. (4) Analyze by LC-MS/MS to study cellular uptake, metabolism (conjugation/deconjugation), and export of taurocholic acid. (5) For functional studies using unlabeled taurocholic acid: treat hepatocytes with taurocholic acid (10-200 uM) for 6-24 h, measure bile acid transport gene expression (e.g., NTCP, BSEP, MRP2) by qPCR, or measure caspase activation (apoptosis) if toxic concentrations are used (≥200 uM). (6) For immunomodulation studies: treat macrophages (RAW 264.7) with taurocholic acid (25-200 uM) 1 h before LPS stimulation (100 ng/mL), measure TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-10 by ELISA.
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| Animal Protocol |
(1) For bile acid quantification in disease models: use male C57BL/6 mice (20-25 g) with bile duct ligation (BDL) to induce cholestasis, or mice on a high-fat diet to study metabolic disorders. (2) Collect blood via cardiac puncture, obtain serum; collect gallbladder bile by aspiration; collect liver tissue and homogenize. (3) To 50 uL of serum, bile, or liver homogenate, add 200 uL of ice-cold acetonitrile containing taurocholic acid-d4 sodium (internal standard, 500 ng/mL). (4) Vortex vigorously, centrifuge at 14,000 rpm for 10 min at 4degC. (5) Analyze supernatant by LC-MS/MS as described above. (6) Quantify taurocholic acid and other bile acids (cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, and their taurine/glycine conjugates) using appropriate internal standards for each. (7) Compare bile acid profiles between control and disease groups to identify metabolic alterations.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Standard formulation for taurocholic acid-d4 sodium as internal standard: prepare a stock solution in methanol or water at 0.5-1 mg/mL, store at -20degC. For LC-MS analysis, dilute stock to working concentration (100-1000 ng/mL) in 0.1% formic acid in water/methanol (1:1). The sodium salt form is highly soluble in water (≥ 100 mg/mL) and polar organic solvents. Storage: powder at -20degC for 3 years; in methanol solution at -20degC for 6 months, -80degC for 1 year. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. The compound is chemically stable under anhydrous and protected from light conditions.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Taurocholic acid-d4 sodium is considered non-toxic as it is a stable isotope-labeled endogenous metabolite. The unlabeled taurocholic acid is an endogenous bile acid present in plasma (0.5-5 uM in healthy humans) and bile (1-10 mM). In vitro: CCK-8 assay on HepG2 cells with taurocholic acid (10-2000 uM) shows IC50 > 500 uM for 24 h; higher concentrations (>500 uM) may induce bile acid-mediated apoptosis. In vivo toxicity: taurocholic acid is well-tolerated at physiological concentrations; high doses ( >500 mg/kg IV in rodents) can cause acute cholestasis, hepatocyte necrosis, and increased serum ALT/AST. The isotope-labeled version is for research use only, not for human therapeutic use.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Taurocholic acid-d4 sodium is a high-purity stable isotope-labeled internal standard (≥98% isotopic purity) used for the accurate quantification of taurocholic acid (taurocholate) in biological samples by GC-MS or LC-MS. Taurocholic acid is a taurine-conjugated primary bile acid formed in the liver from cholic acid, playing essential roles in dietary fat emulsification, lipid absorption, cholesterol homeostasis, and immunomodulation via activation of FXR and TGR5 receptors. This product is not a drug and is not FDA-approved; it is strictly for research use in metabolomics, lipid metabolism studies, biomarker discovery, and analytical method development.
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| Molecular Formula |
C26H44NNAO7S
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
541.709485054016
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| Exact Mass |
541.298
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| CAS # |
2410279-93-3
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| Related CAS # |
Taurocholic acid;81-24-3
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| PubChem CID |
137699947
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
7
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
7
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| Heavy Atom Count |
36
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| Complexity |
897
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
11
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| SMILES |
S(CCNC(CC[C@@H](C)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3[C@@H](C[C@@H]4C([2H])([2H])[C@@H](C([2H])([2H])C[C@]4(C)[C@H]3C[C@@H]([C@@]21C)O)O)O)=O)(=O)(=O)[O-].[Na+]
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| InChi Key |
JAJWGJBVLPIOOH-QPNQQDKZSA-M
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C26H45NO7S.Na/c1-15(4-7-23(31)27-10-11-35(32,33)34)18-5-6-19-24-20(14-22(30)26(18,19)3)25(2)9-8-17(28)12-16(25)13-21(24)29;/h15-22,24,28-30H,4-14H2,1-3H3,(H,27,31)(H,32,33,34);/q;+1/p-1/t15-,16+,17-,18-,19+,20+,21-,22+,24+,25+,26-;/m1./s1/i8D2,12D2;
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| Chemical Name |
sodium;2-[[(4R)-4-[(3R,5S,7R,8R,9S,10S,12S,13R,14S,17R)-2,2,4,4-tetradeuterio-3,7,12-trihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-3,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]pentanoyl]amino]ethanesulfonate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.8460 mL | 9.2300 mL | 18.4601 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3692 mL | 1.8460 mL | 3.6920 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1846 mL | 0.9230 mL | 1.8460 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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