Pyridoxal phosphate is a monophosphate ester obtained by the condensation of phosphate and the primary hydroxyl group of pyridoxal. It is a coenzyme and a metabolite in humans, E. coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and mice. It is also an inhibitor and cofactor of EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase). It is a vitamin B6 phosphate ester, belonging to the methylpyridine, monohydroxypyridine, and pyridinecarboxaldehyde classes. Functionally, it is related to pyridoxal. It is the conjugate acid of pyridoxal phosphate (2-). It is the active form of vitamin B6 and participates as a coenzyme in the synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During amino acid transamination, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted to pyridoxamine phosphate (pyridoxamine). Medicare's MC-1 drug is a cardioprotective agent designed to reduce damage to the heart during arterial blockage and arterial reopening after bypass surgery. Pyridoxal phosphate is present in or produced by E. coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain).
Pyridoxal phosphate has been reported to exist in Arabidopsis thaliana, humans, and other organisms with relevant data.
Pyridoxal phosphate is the active form of vitamin B6 and a coenzyme for many pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes. PLP participates in various enzymatic transamination, decarboxylation, and deamination reactions; pyridoxal-5'-phosphate is essential for the synthesis of amino acids and their metabolites, and also participates in the synthesis and/or catabolism of certain neurotransmitters, including the conversion of glutamate to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the conversion of levodopa to dopamine. In vitamin B6 deficiency, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate can be used as a dietary supplement. Decreased levels of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate in the brain can lead to neurological dysfunction.
Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate is a metabolite found or produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
It is the active form of vitamin B6 and acts as a coenzyme in the synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During amino acid transamination, pyridoxal phosphate is temporarily converted to pyridoxamine phosphate (pyridoxamine). See also: Pyridoxal (note moved to). Pharmacological Indications: For nutritional supplementation and treatment of dietary deficiencies or imbalances. It has been investigated for the treatment of coronary artery disease. Mechanism of Action: Pyridoxal phosphate is a coenzyme in many enzymatic reactions. It is the active form of vitamin B6 and consists of three natural organic compounds: pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxine. Pyridoxal phosphate acts as a coenzyme in all transamination reactions, as well as in the oxidation and deamination of certain amino acids. The aldehyde group of pyridoxal phosphate forms a Schiff base bond with the ε-amino group of a specific lysine residue on an aminotransferase. The α-amino group of the amino acid substrate replaces the ε-amino group of the lysine residue at the active site. The resulting imine is deprotonated to form a quinone intermediate, which subsequently accepts protons at different positions to form a ketoimine. After hydrolysis of the ketoimine, the amino group remains on the protein complex. MC-1 is a biologically active natural product and can be considered a chemical entity that has been evolutionarily selected and validated to bind to specific protein domains. Therefore, its potential structural framework or backbone has been biologically proven to be safe and effective, providing strong guiding principles for the development of new drugs and compound libraries.

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Pharmacodynamics
The two main forms of vitamin B6 are pyridoxine and pyridoxamine. In the liver, they are converted to pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), which is a cofactor in many reactions in amino acid metabolism. PLP is also essential for the enzymatic reaction that controls the release of glucose from glycogen. Pyrrolidine is one of the potential causes of vitamin B6 deficiency.

C8H10NO6P

247.14

247.024

853645-22-4

Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate monohydrate;41468-25-1;Pyridoxal Phosphate-d3;1354560-58-9

1051

Light yellow to yellow solid powder

1.6±0.1 g/cm3

565.7±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg

140-143ºC

296.0±32.9 °C

0.0±1.6 mmHg at 25°C

1.641

-0.52

3

7

4

16

292

0

NGVDGCNFYWLIFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C8H10NO6P/c1-5-8(11)7(3-10)6(2-9-5)4-15-16(12,13)14/h2-3,11H,4H2,1H3,(H2,12,13,14)

(4-formyl-5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)methyl dihydrogen phosphate

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)