| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
|
||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Farnesyl Pyrophosphate is a TRPM2 (TRP channel) agonist that activates TRPM2 to open, triggering Ca2+ influx and cell death. It targets TRP channels (specifically TRPM2) and serves as a substrate for farnesyltransferase (FNTA) and squalene synthase. As a metabolic intermediate, it interacts with enzymes in the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway and acts as a donor in post-translational isoprenylation of proteins.
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, FPP acts as a newly identified danger signal triggering acute cell death in various cell lines including B cell line A20 cells and mouse mastocytoma cell line P815. It activates TRPM2 channels leading to intracellular calcium elevation, promotes protein farnesylation, and serves as a substrate for geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) synthesis. It also reverses statin-induced growth inhibition.
|
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, FPP induces neuronal loss in stroke models, making it relevant for research on cerebral ischemia, neurodegenerative diseases, pancreatic cancer, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. As a metabolic intermediate, it participates in cholesterol and ubiquinone synthesis. Its levels are altered in various metabolic disorders and cancers.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
For TRPM2 activation assays: incubate TRPM2-expressing cell membranes or purified TRPM2 channels with FPP ammonium salt at concentrations of 1-100 uM in buffer containing 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 2 mM CaCl2, 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.4) for 5-15 minutes at 37degC. Measure Ca2+ influx using fluorescent Ca2+ indicators (Fura-2 or Fluo-4). Use patch-clamp electrophysiology to confirm channel opening.
|
| Cell Assay |
Culture A20 B cells or P815 mastocytoma cells in RPMI-1640 with 10% FBS. Treat cells with FPP ammonium (10-200 uM) for 2-24 hours. Assess cell viability by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. Measure caspase-3/7 activity for apoptosis detection. For protein prenylation studies, treat cells with FPP in the presence or absence of statins and analyze Ras localization by Western blot.
|
| Animal Protocol |
For ischemia studies, use rodent models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Administer FPP ammonium via intracerebroventricular or intravenous injection. Alternatively, for inflammation studies, use LPS-challenged mice. However, due to its endogenous nature, FPP is more commonly studied at the cellular level or as a biochemical tool. Standard dosing is not well-established for in vivo administration of exogenous FPP.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
As an endogenous metabolite, FPP has a very short half-life (minutes) in circulation as it is rapidly metabolized by pyrophosphatases and utilized in biosynthetic pathways. Tissue levels are tightly regulated by the mevalonate pathway; statins reduce FPP levels, while supplementation can bypass pathway inhibition. Cellular concentrations typically range from low nanomolar to micromolar depending on cell type and metabolic state.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
FPP is an endogenous metabolite; toxicity is minimal at physiological concentrations. Exogenous administration at high doses (above 100 uM in vitro, or supra-physiological in vivo) triggers TRPM2-mediated cell death. It is not classified as a toxic compound but rather a signaling molecule. No systemic toxicity profile is established for exogenous FPP ammonium salt.
|
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
The ammonium salt form enhances solubility and stability for research applications. FPP is a key branch substrate for cholesterol synthesis, ubiquinone synthesis, protein farnesylation, and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) synthesis. Its levels are decreased by statins, making it a critical compound for studying statin effects and cholesterol biosynthesis disorders. It is used in Parkinson's disease research as FPP accumulation may contribute to neurodegeneration.
|
| Molecular Formula |
C15H37N3O7P2
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
433.42
|
| Related CAS # |
Farnesyl pyrophosphate;13058-04-3
|
| Appearance |
Colorless to light yellow liquid
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.3072 mL | 11.5362 mL | 23.0723 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4614 mL | 2.3072 mL | 4.6145 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2307 mL | 1.1536 mL | 2.3072 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
