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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
L-Kynurenine (and its labeled form) targets the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in xenobiotic metabolism, immune regulation, and inflammation. It also serves as a substrate for enzymes along the kynurenine pathway.
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| ln Vitro |
Drug compounds have included stable heavy isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements, mostly as quantitative tracers while the drugs were being developed. Because deuteration may have an impact on a drug's pharmacokinetics and metabolic profile, it has drawn attention [1].
L-Kynurenine is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist. L-Kynurenine-d4-1 is a stable isotope-labeled version used as a tracer to study the metabolism and signaling of kynurenine. |
| ln Vivo |
L-Kynurenine is a key metabolite of tryptophan, involved in immune modulation, neurobiology, and cancer biology. The deuterated version is used as a tracer to quantify these processes.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cell binding assays for L-Kynurenine-d4-1 are performed using purified aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) protein. A TR-FRET (time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer) or fluorescence polarization (FP) assay can be used. The assay uses a fluorescently labeled AhR ligand (e.g., a high-affinity agonist). L-Kynurenine-d4-1 (0.001-1000 microM) competes with the labeled ligand for binding to the AhR. The change in FP or TR-FRET signal is measured. The IC50 is calculated, and the Ki is determined.
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| Cell Assay |
Cellular assays for L-Kynurenine-d4-1 are performed using cell lines that express AhR (e.g., HepG2, HeLa, or immune cells). Cells are seeded in 6-well or 96-well plates and treated with L-Kynurenine-d4-1 (0.1-1000 uM) for 6-24 hours. The expression of AhR target genes (e.g., CYP1A1, CYP1B1) is measured by qRT-PCR. Alternatively, the compound can be used to trace the kynurenine pathway. Cells are treated with L-Kynurenine-d4-1 (1-100 uM), and the production of downstream metabolites (e.g., kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, anthranilic acid, quinolinic acid) is measured by LC-MS/MS.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies with L-Kynurenine-d4-1 are performed to study kynurenine metabolism and its role in disease. Mice or rats are administered L-Kynurenine-d4-1 via IP injection (10-100 mg/kg) or oral gavage (50-200 mg/kg). Blood is collected at various time points. Tissues (liver, kidney, brain) are harvested. The enrichment of the labeled compound and its metabolites is measured by LC-MS/MS.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
L-Kynurenine-d4-1 hydrochloride (MW ~248.7) is a stable isotope-labeled metabolite. Its pharmacokinetics are not determined separately from the unlabeled compound. L-Kynurenine is rapidly cleared from the plasma (half-life ~30-60 minutes) and is metabolized by kynureninase and kynurenine aminotransferase.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
D4-kynurenine is used at tracer doses, which are safe. The unlabeled L-Kynurenine may have immunomodulatory effects, but toxicity at research doses is low.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
L-Kynurenine-d4-1 hydrochloride is a stable isotope-labeled research compound used as an internal standard for LC-MS/MS quantification of L-Kynurenine in biological samples. It is also used to study the kynurenine pathway (tryptophan metabolism). The product is for research use only.
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| Molecular Formula |
C10H9D4CLN2O3
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| Molecular Weight |
248.70
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| Related CAS # |
L-Kynurenine;2922-83-0;L-Kynurenine-d4-1;194546-33-3
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.0209 mL | 20.1045 mL | 40.2091 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.8042 mL | 4.0209 mL | 8.0418 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4021 mL | 2.0105 mL | 4.0209 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
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