| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
NMDA Receptor
L-Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid and a precursor for the biosynthesis of other amino acids including tyrosine, dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline), and the skin pigment melanin. It also serves as a precursor for thyroxine (thyroid hormone). |
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| ln Vitro |
Drug compounds have included stable heavy isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements, mostly as tracers for quantification throughout the drug development process. Due to its potential to alter the pharmacokinetic and metabolic characteristics of medications, deuteration has drawn attention[1].
L-Phenylalanine-15N,d8 is a stable isotope-labeled version of L-phenylalanine. The labeled form is used as a metabolic tracer to study the synthesis and turnover of proteins and the production of neurotransmitters. It is not used for its own biological activity. |
| ln Vivo |
Stable isotope-labeled amino acids are used as tracers in metabolic studies to measure protein synthesis, degradation, and amino acid metabolism in vivo. L-Phenylalanine-15N,d8 is used to trace the metabolic fate of phenylalanine in the body.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cell assays for L-Phenylalanine-15N,d8 are not based on receptor binding but rather on enzymatic activity. The compound can be used as a substrate in assays with purified enzymes that utilize L-phenylalanine, such as phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). The enzyme reaction can be monitored by the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine, and the products can be analyzed by LC-MS/MS. By monitoring the mass shift due to the ¹⁵N and d8 labels, the enzyme activity can be quantified. Additionally, the labeled compound can be used as an internal standard in mass spectrometry-based assays for the quantification of unlabeled L-phenylalanine in biological samples. Standard curves are prepared by adding known amounts of L-Phenylalanine-15N,d8 to control matrices (e.g., plasma, cell lysates) at a fixed concentration (e.g., 1-10 uM). The samples are then extracted and analyzed by LC-MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The peak area ratio of the analyte (unlabeled) to the internal standard (labeled) is plotted against the concentration to construct a calibration curve.
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| Cell Assay |
For cell-based metabolic studies, cells (e.g., primary hepatocytes, neurons, or cancer cell lines) are cultured in medium containing L-Phenylalanine-15N,d8 (typically at concentrations of 50-400 uM, which is the physiological range, or isotopically substituted for the endogenous phenylalanine). After 1-72 hours of labeling, cells are harvested, lysed, and the proteins are precipitated. The free amino acid pool is extracted, and the incorporation of labeled phenylalanine into newly synthesized proteins is measured. Alternatively, the proteins are hydrolyzed (6N HCl, 110degC, 24 hours), derivatized, and analyzed by GC-MS or LC-MS/MS to determine the enrichment of protein-bound L-Phenylalanine-15N,d8. From these measurements, the rate of protein synthesis (fractional synthesis rate, FSR) can be calculated. The labeled phenylalanine can also be used to study its conversion to tyrosine. Cells are treated with L-Phenylalanine-15N,d8, and the medium is sampled at multiple time points. The formation of L-Tyrosine-15N,d8 (the hydroxylated product) is measured by LC-MS/MS.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies with L-Phenylalanine-15N,d8 are performed to measure whole-body protein turnover, amino acid metabolism, and organ-specific synthesis rates. Adult rodents (mice or rats) are administered L-Phenylalanine-15N,d8 via intravenous (IV) injection (a bolus of 10-50 mg/kg) or by constant infusion over 2-6 hours. Alternatively, the compound can be administered orally (50-150 mg/kg) or added to the diet. Blood samples are collected at multiple time points (0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes, and 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 hours). For primed-constant infusion protocols, a priming dose (e.g., 2 umol/kg) is given, followed by a continuous infusion (e.g., 2 umol/kg/h) to achieve a steady-state enrichment of the tracer in plasma. At the end of the experiment, animals are euthanized, and tissues (liver, muscle, brain, kidney, heart) are collected. The enrichment of L-Phenylalanine-15N,d8 in plasma, tissue free pools, and tissue protein-bound pools is measured by LC-MS/MS or GC-MS. The plasma enrichment data are used as the precursor pool. The fractional synthesis rate (FSR, %/day) of proteins in each tissue is calculated as: FSR = (Ebound,t2 - Ebound,t1) / (Eprecursor × deltat), where Ebound is the enrichment of the labeled phenylalanine in the protein-bound pool, Eprecursor is the average enrichment of the free phenylalanine precursor pool (usually plasma), and deltat is the labeling time interval. This compound is also used to study metabolism in diseases such as phenylketonuria (PKU).
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
L-Phenylalanine-15N,d8 (MW ~174.23) is a stable isotope-labeled essential amino acid. Its pharmacokinetic properties mirror those of natural L-phenylalanine. The compound is absorbed from the gut via the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter (B⁰AT1). Peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) are reached within 1-2 hours after oral administration. The elimination half-life of L-phenylalanine in plasma is approximately 1-2 hours. The primary metabolic pathway is hydroxylation by phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) to form tyrosine, which is then further metabolized. The deuterium and ¹⁵N labels are stable and are not lost during metabolism. The compound is used as a metabolic tracer, and its enrichment is measured.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
As a stable isotope-labeled amino acid, L-Phenylalanine-15N,d8 is considered safe and non-toxic at the low doses used in metabolic studies (<150 mg/kg). The unlabeled L-phenylalanine has an LD50 of >5000 mg/kg in rats. The ¹⁵N and d8 isotopes are stable and non-radioactive. High doses of L-phenylalanine can be toxic to the brain (especially in individuals with phenylketonuria) due to accumulation. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
L-Phenylalanine-15N,d8 is a stable isotope-labeled essential amino acid used in metabolic research and as an internal standard for LC-MS/MS analysis. It is a valuable tool for studying protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and the pathophysiology of diseases such as phenylketonuria. The product is for research use only and is not intended for human use.
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| Molecular Formula |
C9H3D815NO2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
174.23
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| Related CAS # |
L-Phenylalanine;63-91-2
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O :~16.67 mg/mL (~95.68 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.7395 mL | 28.6977 mL | 57.3954 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1479 mL | 5.7395 mL | 11.4791 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5740 mL | 2.8698 mL | 5.7395 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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