| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Targets GPR109b (HM74), a GPCR closely related to GPR109a (HM74A, the receptor for niacin). GPR109b is expressed primarily on immune cells, such as neutrophils, and in adipose tissue. It is activated by the endogenous metabolite 3-hydroxybutyrate and is involved in regulating lipolysis and immune function.
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| ln Vitro |
GPCR agonist-2 is characterized by its potency at GPR109b, with a reported pEC50 value of 6.51. As an agonist, it binds to the receptor and activates its associated G-protein signaling pathways. The downstream effects of its activation include the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, leading to a decrease in intracellular cAMP levels and subsequent modulation of target gene expression.
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| ln Vivo |
Detailed in vivo activity data is not publicly available. Because GPR109b is a receptor for the ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate and has been implicated in metabolic and inflammatory processes, GPCR agonist-2 has the potential for use in animal models of lipid disorders, obesity, and inflammation to explore these roles further.
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| Enzyme Assay |
No cell-free, non-cell assay data is available. As an agonist of a GPCR, its activity is traditionally measured in cell-based functional assays that measure downstream signaling (like cAMP inhibition) rather than direct cell-free binding. Its binding affinity could be determined via radioligand binding studies using membranes from cells overexpressing GPR109b.
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| Cell Assay |
The functional activity of GPCR agonist-2 is typically assessed using a cAMP inhibition assay. Cells that endogenously or recombinantly express GPR109b are treated with the compound in the presence of forskolin, which artificially elevates cAMP levels. The ability of the agonist to inhibit forskolin-induced cAMP production is measured using a chemiluminescent or fluorescent cAMP detection kit, allowing the calculation of the pEC50.
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| Animal Protocol |
No specific animal studies for GPCR agonist-2 are publicly available. For a potential in vivo study to evaluate its effects on lipid disorders, it could be orally administered to a mouse model of hyperlipidemia (e.g., a high-fat diet-induced model). Endpoints would include measuring blood lipid profiles (e.g., triglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol) and inflammatory markers.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Detailed PK data for GPCR agonist-2 is not publicly available. As a small molecule with a molecular weight of 222.20, it is likely to have some degree of oral bioavailability, making it suitable for in vivo research. Its chemical structure and properties suggest it could be moderately stable, but no formal PK parameters have been published.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
No specific toxicity data is publicly available for GPCR agonist-2. As a research-grade agonist of GPR109b, no safety studies have been published. It is likely to be well-tolerated in acute experiments, but chronic activation of this receptor could theoretically impact inflammation, lipid metabolism, and immune cell function.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
GPCR agonist-2 is a research chemical and is not approved for clinical use. It serves as a valuable tool compound for the scientific community to dissect the biological roles of the understudied receptor GPR109b. Its use can help differentiate the functions of GPR109b from its closely related isoform, GPR109a (the receptor for niacin), which is a known anti-dyslipidemia drug target.
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| Molecular Formula |
C10H10N2O4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
222.20
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| Exact Mass |
222.064
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| CAS # |
291528-35-3
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| PubChem CID |
4992776
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| Appearance |
Light yellow to yellow solid powder
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| LogP |
2.463
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
16
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| Complexity |
298
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C1CC1NC2=C(C=C(C=C2)C(=O)O)[N+](=O)[O-]
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| InChi Key |
IKTICLQCJRBVRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H10N2O4/c13-10(14)6-1-4-8(11-7-2-3-7)9(5-6)12(15)16/h1,4-5,7,11H,2-3H2,(H,13,14)
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| Chemical Name |
4-(cyclopropylamino)-3-nitrobenzoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.5005 mL | 22.5023 mL | 45.0045 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9001 mL | 4.5005 mL | 9.0009 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4500 mL | 2.2502 mL | 4.5005 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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