| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
None (excipient). DSPE-Mal is a functionalized phospholipid used to incorporate maleimide groups onto liposome or LNP surfaces, enabling covalent conjugation with thiol-containing molecules (e.g., cysteine residues in antibodies, thiolated peptides) for targeted drug delivery applications.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
DSPE-Mal liposomes are stable and can be functionalized with targeting ligands. In vitro, antibody-conjugated DSPE-Mal liposomes show increased cellular uptake and enhanced cytotoxicity in target cells expressing the corresponding antigen (e.g., HER2, EGFR). The maleimide-thiol conjugation efficiency typically exceeds 80%. DSPE-Mal is incorporated into liposomes at 1-10 mol%, providing sufficient surface maleimide groups for ligand conjugation.
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| ln Vivo |
DSPE-Mal liposomes have been evaluated in vivo for targeted drug delivery. Antibody-targeted DSPE-Mal liposomes encapsulating chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., doxorubicin) show enhanced tumor accumulation and improved therapeutic efficacy in mouse xenograft models compared to non-targeted liposomes. The stable saturated acyl chains provide resistance to phospholipase degradation, prolonging circulation time.
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| Enzyme Assay |
DSPE-Mal (C4₈H₈₇N2O11P, MW 899.18) is a white to off-white solid powder soluble in chloroform (∼100 mg/mL) and in DMSO (∼10 mg/mL). To prepare functionalized liposomes: DSPE-Mal is mixed with other lipids (e.g., DOPC/DSPC, cholesterol, PEG2000-DSPE) in chloroform at a typical molar ratio of 5-10% for DSPE-Mal. The lipid mixture is dried under nitrogen, hydrated with buffer (PBS, pH 6.5-7.0), and extruded (50-200 nm pores) to form Mal-liposomes. For ligand conjugation: thiolated ligands (e.g., antibody Fab' fragments, cysteine-containing peptides) are generated by reducing disulfide bonds with TCEP or DTT, purified, and incubated with Mal-liposomes (ligand:maleimide ratio 1:2-1:5) at room temperature for 2-4 h at pH 6.5-7.0 (optimal maleimide-thiol reaction pH). Conjugation efficiency is measured by SDS-PAGE, HPLC, or fluorescent labeling.
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| Cell Assay |
For cellular uptake studies, cancer cells (e.g., SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-231) are seeded in 96- or 24-well plates (1-5×10⁴ cells/well) and treated with ligand-conjugated DSPE-Mal liposomes or non-targeted liposomes (lipid concentration 0.1-1 mg/mL) containing a fluorescent dye (e.g., DiD, Rhodamine). After 2-24 h, cellular uptake is quantified by flow cytometry, and intracellular localization is visualized by confocal microscopy. Cytotoxicity is evaluated by MTT assays; ligand-targeted liposomes may show enhanced cytotoxicity due to increased drug delivery. For immunotoxicity, complement activation is measured by ELISA (C3a, C5a).
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| Animal Protocol |
DSPE-Mal liposomes are administered intravenously via the tail vein to mice (6-8 weeks old, female BALB/c nude or C57BL/6) bearing subcutaneous xenografts, at lipid doses of 10-50 mg/kg with encapsulated chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., doxorubicin 2-5 mg/kg). Tumor volume is measured every 2-3 days for 2-4 weeks, and the percentage of tumor growth inhibition (TGI) is calculated. For biodistribution: mice are euthanized at various time points (1, 4, 24, 48, 72 h), and organs (liver, spleen, kidney, lung, tumor) are harvested, homogenized, and analyzed for drug content by HPLC. Pharmacodynamics are assessed by tumor immunohistochemistry (e.g., Ki67 proliferation index, TUNEL apoptosis).
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
DSPE-Mal, incorporated into PEGylated liposomes (with PEG2000-DSPE), extends the circulation half-life to 6-12 h. The saturated DSPE acyl chains (C18:0) increase membrane rigidity and resistance to phospholipase degradation, enhancing stability in plasma. Ligand conjugation via maleimide-thiol chemistry is stable in circulation for at least 24 h. Liposomes are cleared primarily by the liver (Kupffer cells, ∼30-50% of dose) and spleen (∼10-20%), with tumor accumulation via the EPR effect, typically reaching 5-15% of injected dose per gram of tumor at 24-48 h.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
DSPE-Mal is generally considered safe as a liposome component. The maleimide group is reactive and could potentially react with plasma thiols (e.g., glutathione, albumin) in circulation if not fully conjugated, leading to rapid clearance or off-target effects. However, in standard PEGylated liposome formulations, the maleimide groups are typically conjugated to ligands before injection, minimizing free maleimide. DSPE-Mal liposomes are not overtly toxic at therapeutic doses (lipid doses <100 mg/kg). Complement activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA) is a potential risk for PEGylated liposomes, but it is not specific to DSPE-Mal.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
DSPE-Mal (CAS 1360858-99-6, C4₈H₈₇N2O11P, MW 899.18) has >95% purity and is a white to off-white solid powder. Storage at -20degC under inert atmosphere is required to prevent maleimide ring hydrolysis and oxidation. Soluble in chloroform, DMSO (10 mg/mL), and methanol. DSPE-Mal is used in research for preparing targeted liposomes and LNPs, and for conjugating thiolated ligands (e.g., antibodies, peptides, PEG) to lipid nanoparticles. No clinical approvals have been reported.
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| Molecular Formula |
C48H87N2O11P
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
899.184956789017
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| Exact Mass |
898.604
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| CAS # |
1360858-99-6
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| PubChem CID |
137553907
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| LogP |
14.2
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
11
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
47
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| Heavy Atom Count |
62
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| Complexity |
1250
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
[C@H](OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)(COP(=O)(O)OCCNC(=O)CCN1C(=O)C=CC1=O)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
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| InChi Key |
DOLZZPOFNKNXOL-VZUYHUTRSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C48H87N2O11P/c1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-17-19-21-23-25-27-29-31-33-47(54)58-41-43(61-48(55)34-32-30-28-26-24-22-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-2)42-60-62(56,57)59-40-38-49-44(51)37-39-50-45(52)35-36-46(50)53/h35-36,43H,3-34,37-42H2,1-2H3,(H,49,51)(H,56,57)/t43-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
[(2R)-3-[2-[3-(2,5-dioxopyrrol-1-yl)propanoylamino]ethoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-octadecanoyloxypropyl] octadecanoate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.1121 mL | 5.5606 mL | 11.1212 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.2224 mL | 1.1121 mL | 2.2242 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1112 mL | 0.5561 mL | 1.1121 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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