| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels (VGSC) (barbiturate class)
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Drug compounds have included stable heavy isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements, mostly as quantitative tracers while the drugs were being developed. Because deuteration may have an effect on a drug's pharmacokinetics and metabolic properties, it is a cause for concern [1].
Primidone-d5 is the deuterium labeled analog of Primidone. Primidone is a neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) blocker. It also exhibits anticonvulsant activity via barbiturate mechanisms, including enhancing GABAergic inhibition. The primary metabolite, phenobarbital, is also an active anticonvulsant. The deuterated form is chemically identical and used as an internal standard. |
| ln Vivo |
No specific in vivo data for the labeled compound. Primidone itself is clinically used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of epilepsy (primarily for generalized tonic-clonic seizures, focal seizures, and myoclonic seizures) and essential tremor. It is metabolized to phenobarbital, which contributes to its long-acting anticonvulsant effects. The deuterated form is not administered in vivo as a therapeutic agent.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For sodium channel assays, heterologously expressed human NaV channels (e.g., NaV1.2, NaV1.6) are used. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings are performed in HEK293 cells. Unlabeled primidone is applied at varying concentrations (1-1000 uM), and the inhibition of sodium currents is measured. Primidone stabilizes the inactivated state of the channel. IC50 values are determined. These results apply to the deuterated form as a tracer.
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| Cell Assay |
For analytical use, Primidone-d5 is used as an internal standard (IS) in LC-MS/MS or GC-MS assays for therapeutic drug monitoring. A fixed amount of Primidone-d5 is added to patient plasma or serum samples. Analytes are extracted by protein precipitation or liquid-liquid extraction. Separation is achieved on a C18 column. The mass spectrometer monitors the mass transitions for primidone and Primidone-d5. The IS corrects for matrix effects and extraction recovery, enabling accurate quantification of primidone levels.
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| Animal Protocol |
No in vivo animal study for Primidone-d5. Unlabeled primidone has been studied in animal models of epilepsy: in the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test in mice and rats, primidone (20-100 mg/kg, i.p. or p.o.) suppresses tonic hindlimb extension. In the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) seizure test, it has variable effects. Primidone also reduces tremor in animal models of essential tremor. These studies established the drug's anticonvulsant profile.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Primidone-d5 is not administered therapeutically; it is an analytical standard. The unlabeled primidone has a half-life of approximately 5-18 hours in adults. It is absorbed orally (60-80% bioavailability). It is metabolized in the liver to phenobarbital (active) and phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA). Primidone-d5 would follow the same metabolic pathway if administered, but it is used only as a tracer.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Primidone-d5 is a research reagent used at low concentrations in analytical assays; toxicity of the labeled form has not been evaluated. Unlabeled primidone has known toxicities: common side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, ataxia, nystagmus, and gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting). Chronic use may cause megaloblastic anemia, rash, and systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome. Overdose causes barbiturate-like toxicity (respiratory depression, coma).
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Primidone-d5 (CAS: 73738-06-4) is a stable isotope-labeled standard for analytical method development and validation. It is used in quality control (QC) for Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDA) and during commercial production of primidone. It is classified as a stable isotope-labeled compound. Molecular formula: C12H9D5N2O2. Purity: ≥98% atom D. For research use only, not for human consumption. References: Standard analytical methods for antiepileptic drugs.
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| Molecular Formula |
C12H14N2O2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
218.25176
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| Exact Mass |
223.136
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| CAS # |
73738-06-4
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| Related CAS # |
Primidone;125-33-7
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| PubChem CID |
12305722
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.165g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
520.702ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
278-280ºC
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| Flash Point |
228.225ºC
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| Index of Refraction |
1.529
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| LogP |
0.9
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
16
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| Complexity |
279
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CCC1(C(=O)NCNC1=O)C2=CC=CC=C2
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| InChi Key |
DQMZLTXERSFNPB-ZBJDZAJPSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C12H14N2O2/c1-2-12(9-6-4-3-5-7-9)10(15)13-8-14-11(12)16/h3-7H,2,8H2,1H3,(H,13,15)(H,14,16)/i1D3,2D2
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| Chemical Name |
5-(1,1,2,2,2-pentadeuterioethyl)-5-phenyl-1,3-diazinane-4,6-dione
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
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| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.5819 mL | 22.9095 mL | 45.8190 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9164 mL | 4.5819 mL | 9.1638 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4582 mL | 2.2910 mL | 4.5819 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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