[1]. Calcium glycerophosphate preserves transepithelial integrity in the Caco-2 model of intestinal transport. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(30):9055-9066.

[2]. Calcium glycerophosphate as a source of calcium and phosphorus in total parenteral nutrition solutions. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1991;15(2):176-180.

Calcium glycerophosphate is a [DB01373] salt of glycerophosphate, appearing as a white, fine powder, and is slightly hygroscopic. Commercially available products are mixtures of β-, D-, and L-α-glycerophosphate. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), calcium glycerophosphate is a Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) food ingredient, used as a nutritional supplement (a source of calcium or phosphorus) or in foods such as gelatin, puddings, and fillers. Due to its anti-caries properties, it is also found in dental or oral hygiene products. Studies have shown that calcium glycerophosphate can promote the buffering of plaque pH, increase plaque [DB01373] and phosphate content, and interact directly with tooth minerals. It is any salt or ester of glycerophosphate. [Pharmaceutical Indications] Calcium glycerophosphate is found in over-the-counter dental products, such as toothpaste for preventing cavities. As an over-the-counter drug, these products have no official indications. In prescription drugs, it is used as a phosphate donor to supplement or replace phosphate or for patients with phosphate deficiencies.

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Mechanism of Action
Studies have found that the combined use of calcium glycerophosphate and sodium monofluorophosphate can reduce the acid solubility of tooth enamel. This is thought to be due to increased absorption of inalkali-soluble fluoride and a decrease in the remaining alkali-soluble calcium fluoride. It is also believed that calcium glycerophosphate can enhance the remineralization effect of sodium monofluorophosphate, thereby promoting enamel remineralization, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Calcium glycerophosphate can reduce the pH decrease in dental plaque caused by sucrose solution. This may be due to the buffering effect of the phosphate it provides; phosphate can act as a three-hydrogen ion acceptor, forming dihydrogen phosphate and ultimately phosphate. Since dihydrogen phosphate and diphosphate are amphoteric molecules, these molecules can act as acid-base buffers. Research results on the effect of calcium glycerophosphate on dental plaque modification are inconsistent. Some studies have observed a reduction in plaque weight and area, but these results have not been confirmed, nor has a causal relationship been established for the anti-caries effect of calcium glycerophosphate. Calcium glycerophosphate releases [DB01373] and inorganic phosphate, leading to increased concentrations of these ions in dental plaque. These ions are essential components of the mineral structure of teeth. Therefore, their presence helps maintain healthy tooth structure and mineralization. During electrolyte supplementation, calcium glycerophosphate again acts as a donor of [DB01373] and phosphate. For a pharmacological description of calcium and phosphate, see [DB11348].

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Pharmacodynamics
Calcium glycerophosphate is believed to exert its anti-cariogenic effect through a variety of mechanisms. These mechanisms include enhancing the acid resistance of enamel, promoting enamel mineralization, improving dental plaque, acting as a pH buffer for dental plaque, and increasing [DB01373] and phosphate levels. When used as an electrolyte supplement, calcium glycerophosphate provides [DB01373] and inorganic phosphate. Due to its higher solubility, calcium glycerophosphate is superior to calcium phosphate. Compared to the combination of calcium gluconate and potassium phosphate, calcium glycerophosphate retains phosphate better, thereby increasing the retention of [DB01373] and ultimately allowing more ions to integrate into the bone structure.

C3H7CAO6P

210.14

209.96

27214-00-2

57-03-4 (Parent);57-03-4 (Parent)

120096

White to off-white solid powder

485.5ºC at 760 mmHg

Decomposes at 170

247.4ºC

2

6

3

11

117

0

IWIRHXNCFWGFJE-UHFFFAOYSA-L

InChI=1S/C3H9O6P.Ca/c4-1-3(5)2-9-10(6,7)8;/h3-5H,1-2H2,(H2,6,7,8);/q;+2/p-2

calcium;2,3-dihydroxypropyl phosphate

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O: < 0.1 mg/mL
DMSO: < 1 mg/mL

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)