| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Other Sizes |
Purity: =99.5%
| Targets |
Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). γ-Glu-Tyr inhibits DPP-IV with an IC₅₀ value of 6.77 ± 0.68 mM. The inhibition type is competitive. [1]
DPP-4 (IC50 = 6.77 mM) |
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
DPP-IV inhibitory activity: In a fluorometric enzyme assay, γ-Glu-Tyr exhibited competitive inhibition against dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) with an IC₅₀ value of 6.77 ± 0.68 mM. Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis confirmed that the inhibition was competitive, with no significant change in Vₘₐₓ in the presence of the inhibitor, while Kₘ increased. [1]
Comparison with other γ-glutamyl dipeptides: Among the 20 tested γ-glutamyl dipeptides, only five (γ-Glu-Met, γ-Glu-Leu, γ-Glu-Phe, γ-Glu-Trp, and γ-Glu-Tyr) exhibited DPP-IV inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values below 10 mM. γ-Glu-Tyr showed the highest IC₅₀ among these five active peptides, indicating the weakest inhibitory potency. [1] In a fluorometric enzyme activity assay, γ-Glu-Tyr demonstrated competitive inhibition against DPP-IV with an IC₅₀ of 6.77 ± 0.68 mM. Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis confirmed the competitive inhibition mode: in the presence of the inhibitor, Vₘₐₓ remained unchanged while Kₘ increased. Among 20 γ-glutamyl dipeptides tested, γ-Glu-Tyr showed the highest IC₅₀ (lowest inhibitory potency) among the five peptides with DPP-IV inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ <10 mM) . |
| ln Vivo |
In mice, intravenous injection of γ-Glu-Tyr (80 μmol/kg) resulted in rapid elevation of plasma tyrosine levels. Mean plasma concentrations of the dipeptide were 138.5 μmol/L at 10 minutes and 11.4 μmol/L at 60 minutes post-injection; plasma tyrosine was significantly elevated at 10 minutes but returned to baseline by 60 minutes. The peptide is not partitioned into red blood cells but remains in plasma, where it is available to GGTase on the external surface of cells. Confirming GGTase-mediated hydrolysis, pretreatment with acivicin (a potent GGTase inhibitor) prevented the rise in plasma tyrosine and led to higher plasma levels of γ-Glu-Tyr .
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| Enzyme Assay |
DPP-IV inhibition assay: The DPP-IV inhibitory activity was measured using a fluorometric DPP-IV inhibitor screening kit. Assays were performed in black-walled 96-well plates with DPP-IV assay buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, containing 100 mM NaCl and 1 mM EDTA). γ-Glu-Tyr was dissolved in HPLC-grade water at concentrations ranging from 0.0125 to 2.5 mg/mL. The fluorescence change at 360/460 nm was monitored at 2-minute intervals over 30 minutes using a microplate reader. Initial slopes in the absence or presence of the test sample were used to calculate inhibitory activity. Sitagliptin was used as a positive control. IC₅₀ values were calculated by logarithmic regression analysis. [1]
Kinetic analysis of inhibition: The inhibition kinetics of γ-Glu-Tyr were evaluated using Lineweaver-Burk plots. The affinity constant (Kₘ without inhibitor), apparent affinity constant (Kₐₚₚ with inhibitor), and maximum reaction rate (Vₘₐₓ) were determined from double reciprocal plots. Competitive inhibition was confirmed by the finding that Vₘₐₓ remained unchanged while the slope and x-intercept changed in the presence of the inhibitor. [1] DPP-IV inhibitory activity was measured using a fluorometric DPP-IV inhibitor screening kit. Assays were performed in black-walled 96-well plates containing DPP-IV assay buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA). γ-Glu-Tyr was dissolved in HPLC-grade water at concentrations ranging from 0.0125 to 2.5 mg/mL. Fluorescence changes at 360/460 nm were monitored at 2-minute intervals over 30 minutes using a microplate reader. Inhibition was calculated based on initial slope changes. Sitagliptin was used as a positive control, and IC₅₀ values were determined by logarithmic regression analysis . Kinetic analysis was performed using Lineweaver-Burk plots: the affinity constant (Kₘ), apparent affinity constant (Kₐₚₚ), and maximum reaction rate (Vₘₐₓ) were determined from double-reciprocal plots. Competitive inhibition was confirmed by the finding that Vₘₐₓ remained unchanged while slope and x-intercept changed in the presence of the inhibitor . |
| Animal Protocol |
Mice received intravenous (IV) injections of γ-Glu-Tyr (20 μL, 2.9 μmol approximately 80 μmol/kg, or 5.8 μmol) into the external jugular vein. For inhibitor studies, mice were pretreated with acivicin (a potent GGTase inhibitor) prior to peptide administration. Blood samples were collected at 10 and 60 minutes post-injection for plasma concentration analysis. Urine samples were collected over 60 minutes to assess renal excretion of the peptide. Animals showed no evidence of toxicity during the experiments .
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
In mice following IV injection (20 μL, 2.9 μmol, approximately 80 μmol/kg body weight): mean plasma concentration of γ-Glu-Tyr was 138.5 μmol/L at 10 minutes and 11.4 μmol/L at 60 minutes. Plasma tyrosine was significantly elevated at 10 minutes but returned to control levels by 60 minutes. Less than 2% of the administered peptide was detected in urine over 60 minutes, indicating minimal renal excretion. When GGTase was inhibited by acivicin pretreatment, as much as 48% of the administered dose was excreted in urine within 60 minutes, confirming that GGTase-mediated hydrolysis is the primary metabolic pathway for the dipeptide in vivo .
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Acute toxicity: Animals receiving IV injections of γ-Glu-Tyr (up to 5.8 μmol) showed no evidence of toxicity during the study period. Safety classification: Material Safety Data Sheets classify γ-Glu-Tyr as a non-hazardous substance with no GHS hazard classification .
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
γ-Glutamic acid (γ-Glu-Tyr) is a dipeptide composed of L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine linked by a peptide bond. It is a human metabolic product. γ-Glutamic acid is a dipeptide, a secondary amide, a dicarboxylic acid, a primary amino compound, and also belongs to the phenolic class of compounds. Functionally, it is related to both L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine. It is the conjugate acid of γ-glutamic acid (1-). γ-Glutamic acid has been reported to exist in winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and relevant data are available.
γ-Glu-Tyr (CAS: 7432-23-7) has the molecular formula C₁₄H₁₈N₂O₆ and molecular weight 310.3. Its solubility in DMSO is 100 mg/mL (with ultrasonication), and the recommended storage condition is ≤ -20°C, protected from light, dry, and sealed . The compound is strictly for research use only and is not intended for human or veterinary applications . |
| Molecular Formula |
C14H18N2O6
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
310.30
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| Exact Mass |
310.116
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| CAS # |
7432-23-7
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| PubChem CID |
94340
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| Sequence |
H-gGlu-Tyr-OH; {γ-Glu}-Tyr
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| SequenceShortening |
XY; {γ-Glu}-Y
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.414g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
690.4ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
371.3ºC
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| Index of Refraction |
1.606
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| LogP |
0.787
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
7
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
8
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| Heavy Atom Count |
22
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| Complexity |
406
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
2
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| SMILES |
C1=CC(=CC=C1C[C@@H](C(=O)O)NC(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N)O
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| InChi Key |
VVLXCWVSSLFQDS-QWRGUYRKSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C14H18N2O6/c15-10(13(19)20)5-6-12(18)16-11(14(21)22)7-8-1-3-9(17)4-2-8/h1-4,10-11,17H,5-7,15H2,(H,16,18)(H,19,20)(H,21,22)/t10-,11-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-2-amino-5-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
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| Synonyms |
gamma-Glutamyltyrosine; 7432-23-7; Glutyrosine; Gamma-glutamyl-L-tyrosine; (2S)-2-amino-5-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid;
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 100 mg/mL (322.27 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.2227 mL | 16.1134 mL | 32.2269 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6445 mL | 3.2227 mL | 6.4454 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3223 mL | 1.6113 mL | 3.2227 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
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