| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
DPPH[1]
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Monoamine Oxidase A (MAO-A). 5-Hydroxyoxindole acts as a free radical scavenger targeting DPPH radicals and inhibits lipid peroxidation. It also serves as a selective inhibitor of MAO-A, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters, with an IC₅0 of 56.8 uM. Its selectivity for MAO-A over MAO-B is exceptionally high among studied compounds. |
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
5-Hydroxyoxindole exhibits DPPH radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity in cell-free systems. As a selective MAO-A inhibitor, it has an IC₅0 of 56.8 uM, which is less potent than isatin (31.8 uM) and 5-hydroxyisatin (6.5 uM). However, among all compounds studied, 5-hydroxyoxindole demonstrates the highest selectivity for MAO-A over MAO-B (IC₅0 MAO-A:IC₅0 MAO-B = 0.044). These activities suggest its potential utility in studying oxidative stress and neurological conditions.
|
| ln Vivo |
In animal models, 5-hydroxyoxindole has been identified as one of the main molecules responsible for the neurological symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy in rats. This suggests that elevated levels of this indole metabolite may contribute to neurobehavioral alterations observed in liver disease. Further in vivo studies would be required to fully characterize its pharmacological effects beyond its established role as a metabolite and its potential therapeutic applications in oxidative stress-mediated disorders.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
DPPH radical scavenging assay: 5-Hydroxyoxindole test compound is dissolved in methanol at various concentrations (0-100 mM). In a 96-well plate, add 100 uL of each test concentration and 100 uL of 0.1 mM DPPH methanol solution. Include methanol as blank control and quercetin as positive control. After shaking for 1 minute at 37degC on a microplate reader, incubate in the dark at room temperature for 30 minutes. Measure absorbance at 517 nm. Calculate percentage of radical scavenging activity using formula: (A_control - A_sample)/A_control × 100%. IC₅0 values are determined by regression analysis from the concentration-response curve.
|
| Cell Assay |
For oxidative stress studies, cells are seeded in 96-well plates and allowed to adhere overnight. Cells are treated with 5-Hydroxyoxindole at concentrations ranging from 10-200 uM for 24-48 hours. Oxidative stress may be induced by H2O2 exposure (100-500 uM) for 2-4 hours. Cellular ROS levels are measured using fluorescent probes such as DCFH-DA (10 uM, 30 minutes incubation). Fluorescence is read at excitation/emission 485/535 nm. Cell viability is assessed using MTT or CCK-8 assays. Lipid peroxidation levels may be quantified using malondialdehyde (MDA) or TBARS assays.
|
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo protocols for hepatic encephalopathy models: Rats are treated to induce liver disease (e.g., bile duct ligation or thioacetamide administration). Brain and serum levels of 5-Hydroxyoxindole are quantified by HPLC with electrochemical detection or LC-MS/MS. Neurological function is assessed using behavioral tests including open field test, Morris water maze, or rotarod. Correlation analyses between metabolite levels and neurological deficits are performed. For therapeutic studies, 5-Hydroxyoxindole may be administered (dosage and route to be determined based on study objectives) and endpoints evaluated accordingly.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
5-Hydroxyoxindole (MW 149.15) is soluble in DMSO and can be dissolved in aqueous buffers with appropriate cosolvents. For pharmacokinetic studies, it can be quantified in biological samples by HPLC with multi-electrode electrochemical detection or LC-MS/MS. As a naturally occurring tryptophan metabolite, its endogenous levels can be measured in serum, tissues, and urine. Typical endogenous concentrations in biological samples can be determined by standard analytical methods.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Based on its natural occurrence as a gut-derived indole metabolite, 5-Hydroxyoxindole is expected to have low toxicity under normal physiological conditions. However, elevated levels of this compound are associated with neurological symptoms in hepatic encephalopathy. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed when handling the pure compound. Comprehensive toxicological data are limited, as it remains primarily a research tool for oxidative stress and neurology studies rather than a clinical candidate.
|
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
5-Hydroxyindole belongs to the indole class of compounds. It has been reported that 5-hydroxyindole is present in Isatis indigotica, and relevant data are available for reference.
5-Hydroxyoxindole is a structural analog of uric acid, a known endogenous antioxidant. The compound can be used as a reference standard for metabolomics studies of tryptophan metabolism. It has potential applications in investigating the gut-brain axis, as indole metabolites derived from gut bacteria can influence neurological function. The compound is available as a research-grade chemical (>95% purity) for in vitro and in vivo studies. It should be stored at -20degC as powder for long-term stability and protected from light. |
| Molecular Formula |
C8H7NO2
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
149.15
|
| Exact Mass |
149.047
|
| CAS # |
3416-18-0
|
| PubChem CID |
76955
|
| Appearance |
Light brown to brown solid powder
|
| Density |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
419.9±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Melting Point |
156-157 °C
|
| Flash Point |
207.7±28.7 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.0 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.634
|
| LogP |
0.41
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
11
|
| Complexity |
181
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
C1C2=C(C=CC(=C2)O)NC1=O
|
| InChi Key |
ZGTUSQAQXWSMDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C8H7NO2/c10-6-1-2-7-5(3-6)4-8(11)9-7/h1-3,10H,4H2,(H,9,11)
|
| Chemical Name |
5-hydroxy-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 6.7047 mL | 33.5233 mL | 67.0466 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.3409 mL | 6.7047 mL | 13.4093 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6705 mL | 3.3523 mL | 6.7047 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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