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| 5mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS); Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/Nrf2 pathway; Phospholipase C-gamma (PLCgamma). Spiraeoside acts as a direct ROS scavenger (via its phenolic hydroxyl groups). It activates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which in turn activates the transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), leading to the expression of antioxidant response elements (ARE) such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and catalase. It also inhibits the PLCgamma-dependent signaling cascade in mast cells, preventing degranulation and the release of histamine and other allergic mediators.
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| ln Vitro |
Spiraeoside increases HG stimulation, which in turn causes p-Akt, nuclear Nrf2, and HO-1 expression levels to drop in AC16 cells (LY294002 reverses the effects of Spiraeoside)[1]. Spiraeoside shields AC16 cells from oxidative stress, damage, and death brought on by HG[1]. After HG exposure, spiraeoside causes the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway to become active in AC16 cells[1]. ].
In vitro, Spiraeoside (1-100 uM) exhibits strong DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. It protects human cardiomyocytes (e.g., AC16 cells) against high glucose (30 mM)-induced oxidative stress by reducing ROS levels and reversing the depletion of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione (GSH). It activates Nrf2 nuclear translocation and increases HO-1 expression. It also inhibits mast cell degranulation (beta-hexosaminidase release) in RBL-2H3 cells stimulated with IgE/antigen. It reduces the production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, TNF-alpha) in macrophages. It shows antitumor effects against some cancer cell lines (e.g., HeLa, MCF-7) by inducing apoptosis. |
| ln Vivo |
Spiraeoside (50 mg/kg, po) has the potential to prevent ulcers[2].
In vivo, Spiraeoside (orally active) exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in mouse models of allergic asthma and atopic dermatitis (e.g., reducing eosinophil infiltration). It protects against acute lung injury (ALI) in mice by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. It reduces serum levels of IgE and histamine in allergic models. It increases total plasma antioxidant capacity. In diabetic models, it improves cardiac function and reduces myocardial fibrosis. In tumor models (xenografts), it inhibits tumor growth by reducing angiogenesis and inducing apoptosis. It is safe and well-tolerated. It may also have anti-aging properties. It is a promising nutraceutical. |
| Enzyme Assay |
DPPH radical scavenging assay: Prepare Spiraeoside in methanol (0-200 uM). Mix with 0.1 mM DPPH methanolic solution. Incubate at room temperature for 30 min in the dark. Measure absorbance at 517 nm. Calculate % inhibition. For ABTS assay, generate ABTS radical cation, mix with compound, measure at 734 nm. For superoxide scavenging, use the NBT/xanthine oxidase system. These cell-free assays quantify direct antioxidant capacity. Include standard flavonoids (e.g., quercetin) as positive controls. Calculate IC₅0 values from dose-response curves.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell Viability Assay[1]
Cell Types: AC16 cells. Tested Concentrations: 1, 5, 10, or 20 μM. Incubation Duration: 0, 24, or 48 hrs (hours). Experimental Results: Inhibited AC16 cells viability (20 μM). Cardiomyocyte protection assay: Culture human AC16 cardiomyocytes in normal glucose (5.5 mM) or high glucose (30 mM) for 48 hours to induce oxidative stress. Treat with Spiraeoside (1-50 uM) concurrently. Measure cell viability via MTT/CCK-8. Measure intracellular ROS by DCFH-DA. Measure apoptosis via caspase-3/7 activity or Annexin V/PI staining. Perform Western blotting for Nrf2, HO-1, p-Akt, and total Akt. Spiraeoside should increase p-Akt, increase Nrf2 nuclear translocation, and reduce ROS and apoptosis. For mast cell assay, sensitize RBL-2H3 cells with IgE overnight, then treat with Spiraeoside (0-100 uM) for 1 hour, then stimulate with antigen (DNP-BSA). Measure beta-hexosaminidase release and histamine. |
| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Male Wistar rats (6-8 weeks old)[2].
Doses: 50 mg/kg. Route of Administration: po (oral gavage) an hour before inducing the lesions. Experimental Results: diminished severity of the formed lesions. High-fat diet-induced diabetes and cardiomyopathy model: Mice are fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks to induce type 2 diabetes. Then administer Spiraeoside orally (10-100 mg/kg/day) for 4-8 weeks. Assess metabolic parameters (blood glucose, insulin). Measure cardiac function by echocardiography (ejection fraction). Harvest hearts for histology (fibrosis: Masson's trichrome), oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH), and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha). Spiraeoside should improve cardiac function and reduce fibrosis. For allergic inflammation model: Sensitize mice with OVA (ovalbumin) and challenge via aerosol to induce asthma. Administer Spiraeoside (25-100 mg/kg, oral) daily. Measure airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophil counts in BAL fluid, and IgE levels in serum. Perform lung histology. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Spiraeoside (Quercetin 4'-O-glucoside): Molecular formula C21H20O12. Molecular weight: 464.38 g/mol. Appearance: Yellow powder. Solubility: Soluble in DMSO (≥10 mg/mL) and ethanol; slightly soluble in water. Storage: Store powder at -20degC, protected from light. The compound is light-sensitive. Solutions in DMSO are stable at -80degC for up to 6 months. It is stable as a solid at -20degC for 3 years. Keep away from moisture. It is a natural product standard. For in vivo studies, dissolve in saline or carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) with a small amount of DMSO/Tween 80 (less than 5% DMSO). Protect from light.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Spiraeoside is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) due to its natural occurrence in edible onions (red onions). No significant acute toxicity has been reported. High doses (200 mg/kg) in rodents cause no adverse effects. However, as a research chemical, standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed (gloves, lab coat, safety glasses). Avoid inhalation of powder. Not for human therapeutic use (nutraceutical research). It is not an FDA-approved drug. It is a dietary flavonoid. Store as directed. Always wear appropriate protection. It is soluble in DMSO, but DMSO can enhance skin permeability; avoid contact.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Quercetin 4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside is a quercetin O-glucoside with a structure in which a β-D-glucose residue is attached to quercetin at the 4' position. It is a plant metabolite, antioxidant, and antitumor agent. It is a β-D-glucoside, belonging to the monosaccharide derivatives, quercetin O-glucoside, tetrahydroxyflavonoids, and flavonols. Functionally, it is associated with β-D-glucose. It is the conjugate acid of quercetin 4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1-). Spirulina has been reported in hops, silkworms, and other organisms with relevant data. See also: Monotypic hawthorn inflorescence (partial).
Spiraeoside is one of the major flavonols in red onions (along with quercetin). It is a glycoside, which improves its solubility and bioavailability compared to quercetin aglycone. It is a potent activator of the Nrf2 pathway. It is not a drug, but a research nutraceutical and reference standard. It is used in studies on diabetic cardiomyopathy, Alzheimer's disease (neuroprotection), and allergic diseases. It is also used as a chemical marker for onion quality control. It is a flavonoid O-glucoside. It is sometimes confused with isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-glucoside), but it is the 4'-O-glucoside, which is less common. Store protected from light. |
| Molecular Formula |
C21H20O12
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
464.38
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| Exact Mass |
464.095
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| CAS # |
20229-56-5
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| PubChem CID |
5320844
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| Appearance |
Light yellow to yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.809g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
835.6ºC at 760mmHg
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| Melting Point |
209-211ºC
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| Flash Point |
294.6ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
1.28E-29mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.774
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| LogP |
0.4
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
8
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
12
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
33
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| Complexity |
758
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
5
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| SMILES |
C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O)O[C@H]4[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O4)CO)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
OIUBYZLTFSLSBY-HMGRVEAOSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C21H20O12/c22-6-13-15(26)17(28)19(30)21(33-13)32-11-2-1-7(3-9(11)24)20-18(29)16(27)14-10(25)4-8(23)5-12(14)31-20/h1-5,13,15,17,19,21-26,28-30H,6H2/t13-,15-,17+,19-,21-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-[3-hydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]chromen-4-one
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.1534 mL | 10.7670 mL | 21.5341 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4307 mL | 2.1534 mL | 4.3068 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2153 mL | 1.0767 mL | 2.1534 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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