| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Glycodeoxycholic acid-d4 has no independent pharmacological target as a stable isotope internal standard. The unlabeled glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA) is a glycine-conjugated form of the secondary bile acid deoxycholic acid. Bile acids activate nuclear receptors (FXR, PXR, VDR) and TGR5 (a GPCR) to regulate lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. GDCA induces a reversible, concentration-dependent reduction in myogenic tone in rats and decreases expression of CYP7A1 (the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis). Elevated GDCA levels are associated with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure (AALF) and asthma.
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| ln Vitro |
Drug compounds have included stable heavy isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements, mostly as quantitative tracers while the drugs were being developed. Because deuteration may have an effect on a drug's pharmacokinetics and metabolic properties, it is a cause for concern [1].
As a stable isotope internal standard, Glycodeoxycholic acid-d4 is not tested for in vitro pharmacological activity. It is added to biological samples to enable accurate quantification of GDCA by LC-MS/MS or GC-MS. The deuterium labeling provides a distinct mass shift, allowing correction for matrix effects, extraction recovery, and instrument variability. GDCA is an important biomarker for liver disease and bile acid metabolism disorders, and the deuterated standard enables precise measurement of this biomarker in clinical and preclinical research. |
| ln Vivo |
Glycodeoxycholic acid-d4 has no in vivo pharmacological activity as a therapeutic agent. It is used as an internal standard for quantifying GDCA in biological samples obtained from animal and human studies, including serum, plasma, urine, bile, and liver tissue homogenates. GDCA is a bile acid biomarker for acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure (AALF), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cirrhosis, and cholestasis. The deuterated standard enables accurate GDCA quantification for research on bile acid metabolism, enterohepatic circulation, and liver disease biomarkers.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For in vitro LC-MS/MS or GC-MS quantification, Glycodeoxycholic acid-d4 is dissolved in an appropriate organic solvent (methanol, ethanol, or DMSO) to prepare a stock solution (e.g., 1 mg/mL). The internal standard is added to biological samples (serum, plasma, urine, bile, cell lysates, tissue homogenates) at a fixed concentration (e.g., 10-500 ng/mL). Lipid/bile acid extraction is performed by adding 3-5 volumes of methanol or acetonitrile containing the internal standard, vortexing, and centrifugation (10,000-15,000 rpm, 10 minutes). For more exhaustive extraction, liquid-liquid extraction with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) or ethyl acetate may be used. The supernatant or organic layer is collected, evaporated under nitrogen, and reconstituted in mobile phase (typically water:acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid or ammonium acetate). For GC-MS analysis, samples are derivatized to methyl esters or trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives. The GDCA/GDCA-d4 peak area ratio is used for quantification, correcting for matrix effects and extraction recovery.
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| Cell Assay |
For cell-based studies, cells involved in bile acid metabolism (e.g., primary hepatocytes, HepG2 cells, Caco-2 intestinal cells, or cholangiocytes) are cultured in standard medium (DMEM or Williams' E medium with 10% FBS). For studies of bile acid transport, metabolism, or toxicity, cells are treated with bile acids (e.g., GDCA, deoxycholic acid, or chenodeoxycholic acid) at concentrations of 10-500 uM for 0-48 hours. Glycodeoxycholic acid-d4 is added to cell lysates or culture supernatants as an internal standard at a fixed concentration (e.g., 10-100 ng/mL). Following protein precipitation with methanol or acetonitrile and centrifugation, samples are analyzed by LC-MS/MS to quantify GDCA uptake, metabolism, or efflux. For bile acid transporter studies, the internal standard corrects for extraction and instrument variability across samples.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo pharmacokinetic or metabolomic studies, Glycodeoxycholic acid-d4 is not administered to animals independently. It is used as an internal standard for quantifying GDCA in biological samples obtained from animal models of liver disease (e.g., CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, bile duct ligation, acetaminophen overdose, or choline-deficient high-fat diet for NAFLD). After collection of serum, plasma, urine, or tissue homogenates (liver, ileum, bile), the internal standard is added at a fixed concentration (e.g., 10-500 ng/mL). Samples are processed by protein precipitation or liquid-liquid extraction, followed by centrifugation and LC-MS/MS or GC-MS analysis to determine absolute GDCA concentrations. For bile acid profiling studies, a mixture of deuterated bile acid internal standards (including GDCA-d4) is used.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Glycodeoxycholic acid-d4 is an internal standard and does not have independent pharmacokinetic parameters. GDCA is a secondary bile acid formed by bacterial deconjugation and 7alpha-dehydroxylation of primary bile acids (cholic acid) in the colon, followed by hepatic glycine conjugation. GDCA undergoes enterohepatic circulation, with approximately 95% reabsorbed in the ileum and returned to the liver. The pool size is 2-5 umol/kg body weight. Serum levels of GDCA are low in healthy subjects (<1 uM) but elevated in liver disease. The half-life of conjugated bile acids in the enterohepatic circulation is 2-4 hours. The deuterated version is used to calibrate analytical methods.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Glycodeoxycholic acid is a secondary bile acid and is not acutely toxic at physiological levels. At elevated concentrations (>50-100 uM), bile acids are cytotoxic, causing oxidative stress, apoptosis, and necrosis. Elevated serum GDCA levels are associated with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure (AALF) and are used as prognostic biomarkers. In animal studies, high-dose GDCA induces myogenic tone reduction and CYP7A1 downregulation. Standard laboratory safety precautions for handling bile acids (gloves, safety glasses, fume hood) apply. Not intended for human consumption.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Glucose deoxycholic acid-2,2,4,4-d4 is a deuterated compound and also a glycodeoxycholic acid.
Glycodeoxycholic acid-d4 is not a drug but a deuterium-labeled stable isotope internal standard. It has no approved therapeutic status, no clinical trial history as a therapeutic agent, and is not intended for human consumption. This compound is used for research applications including as an internal standard for GC-MS or LC-MS quantification of glycodeoxycholic acid in biological samples, bile acid profiling in metabolomics and lipidomics studies, clinical biomarker research for acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure (AALF), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cirrhosis, cholestasis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and studies of enterohepatic circulation, bile acid metabolism, and liver function. GDCA-d4 is often used in combination with other deuterated bile acid internal standards for comprehensive bile acid profiling. Available with ≥95% purity, deuterium labeling at 2,2,4,4 positions (≥98 atom% D). |
| Molecular Formula |
C26H39D4NO5
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
453.65
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| Exact Mass |
453.339
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| CAS # |
1069132-37-1
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| Related CAS # |
Glycodeoxycholic Acid;360-65-6
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| PubChem CID |
71309868
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
655.6±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
350.3±30.1 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±4.5 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.546
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| LogP |
3.53
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
6
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| Heavy Atom Count |
32
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| Complexity |
727
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
10
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| SMILES |
[2H]C1(C[C@]2([C@H](CC[C@@H]3[C@@H]2C[C@@H]([C@]4([C@H]3CC[C@@H]4[C@H](C)CCC(=O)NCC(=O)O)C)O)C([C@@H]1O)([2H])[2H])C)[2H]
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| InChi Key |
WVULKSPCQVQLCU-JHVXYEQYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C26H43NO5/c1-15(4-9-23(30)27-14-24(31)32)19-7-8-20-18-6-5-16-12-17(28)10-11-25(16,2)21(18)13-22(29)26(19,20)3/h15-22,28-29H,4-14H2,1-3H3,(H,27,30)(H,31,32)/t15-,16-,17-,18+,19-,20+,21+,22+,25+,26-/m1/s1/i10D2,12D2
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| Chemical Name |
2-[[(4R)-4-[(3R,5R,8R,9S,10S,12S,13R,14S,17R)-2,2,4,4-tetradeuterio-3,12-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-3,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]pentanoyl]amino]acetic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.2043 mL | 11.0217 mL | 22.0434 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4409 mL | 2.2043 mL | 4.4087 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2204 mL | 1.1022 mL | 2.2043 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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