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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA) targets the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5). FXR is a nuclear receptor primarily expressed in the liver and intestine that regulates bile acid, lipid, and glucose homeostasis. Activation of FXR by GDCA induces the expression of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), which controls bile acid synthesis. TGR5 is a G protein-coupled receptor expressed in various tissues, and its activation regulates energy metabolism and inflammation. GDCA also acts as a detergent, emulsifying dietary fats.
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| ln Vitro |
Glycodeoxycholic Acid (200 μM, 24-48 h) induces stemness and chemoresistance of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via the STAT3 signaling pathway[1]. Glycodeoxycholic Acid (50 μM, pretreatment for 1 h) abolishes UCB-induced cytochrome c oxidase inhibition and significantly prevents oxidative stress, metabolic changes, and cell death[2].
In vitro, Glycodeoxycholic acid is a conjugated secondary bile acid that activates the bile acid receptors FXR (farnesoid X receptor) and TGR5 (Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5). As an agonist at human TGR5, GDCA has been reported to have a pEC50 of 5.93 (EC50 approx. 1.18 uM). It participates in the modulation of lipid, glucose, and bile acid metabolism. It also acts as a detergent, facilitating the emulsification and absorption of lipids. GDCA inhibits primary bile acid synthesis via FXR-mediated feedback regulation. |
| ln Vivo |
Glycodeoxycholic Acid (11.20 mg/kg, injected into the bile-pancreatic duct) induces acute pancreatitis in macaques[3].
Glycodeoxycholic acid is a major bile salt that is actively involved in the enterohepatic circulation. In vivo, it is a key regulator of bile acid homeostasis. GDCA activates FXR in the intestine, leading to the production and release of FGF19, which signals back to the liver to suppress de novo bile acid synthesis. It also activates TGR5, which stimulates the release of GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) from enteroendocrine cells, contributing to the regulation of glucose metabolism. Its actions help maintain lipid and glucose homeostasis. |
| Enzyme Assay |
The binding of glycodeoxycholic acid to TGR5 is measured using a luciferase reporter gene assay in CHO cells stably expressing human TGR5. The compound is incubated with the cells at graded concentrations (0.001-100 uM) for 4-6 hours. The increase in luciferase activity (a measure of cAMP production) is measured. The pEC50 of 5.93 (EC50 ~ 1.18 uM) is calculated. For FXR binding, a competitive binding assay using radiolabeled chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and purified recombinant FXR protein is performed. The displacement of the radioligand is measured, and the IC50 is calculated.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell Viability Assay[1]
Cell Types: Huh7, LM3 Concentration: 200 μM Incubation Duration: 24, 48 h Experimental Results: Increased cell viability treated with 5-FU and cisplatin. Western Blot Analysis[1] Cell Types: Huh7, LM3 Concentration: 200 μM Incubation Duration: 24, 48 h Experimental Results: Suppressed the expression of apoptotic genes and increased anti-apoptotic genes. Promoted the expression of Sox2, Sox9, Nanog and CD133. Down-regulated the level of E-cadherin and up-regulated vimentin. Decreased the levels of SOCS2, SOCS5, PTPN1 and PTPN11. For cellular assays, human intestinal epithelial cells (e.g., Caco-2, NCM460) or hepatocytes (e.g., HepG2) are seeded in 6- or 96-well plates. Cells are treated with glycodeoxycholic acid at graded concentrations (0.1-100 uM) for 6-24 hours. FXR target gene expression (e.g., SHP, FGF19) is measured by qPCR. TGR5 activation is assessed by measuring cAMP levels in cell lysates using a competitive ELISA. GLUT2 and SGLT1 expression can be measured by Western blot. In enteroendocrine cells (e.g., GLUTag cells), GLP-1 secretion into the culture medium is measured by ELISA. Cell viability is assessed by MTT or LDH assays. |
| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models:Experimental macaque model[3]
Doses: 11.20 mg/kg Route of Administration: injected along the biliopancreatic duct Experimental Results: Increased the levels of Serum amylase and lipase. Elevated Blood pressure and heart rate. For in vivo evaluation of bile acid homeostasis, male C57BL/6 mice (8-10 weeks old) are used. Glycodeoxycholic acid is administered by oral gavage at doses of 30-100 mg/kg. Blood is collected at various time points (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 h). Plasma levels of FGF19 (or mouse FGF15) are measured by ELISA. Liver and intestinal tissues are harvested for qPCR analysis of FXR target genes (SHP, CYP7A1, FGF15). Bile acid levels in plasma, liver, and intestinal contents are quantified by LC-MS/MS. For metabolic studies, mice are fed a high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with GDCA (0.1-0.5% w/w) for 8-12 weeks, and body weight, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity are assessed. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Glycodeoxycholic acid (C2₆H43NO₅, MW = 449.62, CAS 360-65-6) is a white to off-white solid powder. For storage, the powder should be kept at -20degC for up to 3 years, sealed and protected from light. For in vitro use, stock solutions in DMSO (100 mg/mL, 222.4 mM) or ethanol can be prepared and stored at -20degC for up to 1 month. For in vivo oral administration, it can be formulated in 0.5% methylcellulose/0.1% Tween-80 or in saline. The compound is soluble in water (0.117 mg/mL at 20degC) and organic solvents. No detailed PK parameters are reported, but bile acids are efficiently reabsorbed from the intestine and undergo enterohepatic circulation.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Glycodeoxycholic acid is generally considered safe at physiological concentrations, but supraphysiological levels can be toxic. High concentrations of bile acids are known to cause cholestasis, liver damage, and irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. GDCA has been implicated in the promotion of colon and esophageal cancers by inducing DNA damage and apoptosis resistance. As a research-grade compound, it is not intended for human or veterinary use. Standard laboratory safety precautions for handling chemicals should be followed.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Glucodeoxycholic acid (GDO) is a glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid and a human metabolic product. Functionally related to deoxycholic acid, it is a conjugated acid of GDO. GDO has been reported in Streptomyces nigricans, Trypanosoma brevicornu, and C. elegans, with supporting data. GDO is a bile salt formed in the liver by the conjugation of deoxycholic acid and glycine, usually existing as a sodium salt. It acts as a surfactant, dissolving fats to promote absorption, and is itself absorbed. GDO can be used as a choleretic agent and choleretic drug.
Glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA) is a bile acid that is formed by the conjugation of deoxycholic acid (DCA) with the amino acid glycine. It is one of the most abundant bile salts in human bile and is actively involved in the solubilization and absorption of dietary lipids. Beyond its classic digestive role, GDCA acts as a signaling molecule by activating FXR and TGR5, making it a key regulator of metabolic homeostasis. Dysregulation of GDCA levels has been implicated in metabolic diseases (e.g., NAFLD, type 2 diabetes), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and colorectal cancer. The compound is for research use only and has no clinical applications. |
| Molecular Formula |
C26H43NO5
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| Molecular Weight |
449.62
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| Exact Mass |
467.325
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| CAS # |
360-65-6
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| PubChem CID |
3035026
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| Density |
1.162 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
655.6ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
350.3ºC
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| Index of Refraction |
1.546
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| LogP |
3.92
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
6
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| Heavy Atom Count |
32
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| Complexity |
727
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
10
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| SMILES |
O([H])[C@@]1([H])C([H])([H])[C@@]2([H])[C@@]3(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[C@]([H])(C([H])([H])C3([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[C@@]2([H])[C@]2([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[C@]([H])([C@]([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(N([H])C([H])([H])C(=O)O[H])=O)[C@]21C([H])([H])[H])O[H]
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| InChi Key |
WVULKSPCQVQLCU-BUXLTGKBSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C26H43NO5/c1-15(4-9-23(30)27-14-24(31)32)19-7-8-20-18-6-5-16-12-17(28)10-11-25(16,2)21(18)13-22(29)26(19,20)3/h15-22,28-29H,4-14H2,1-3H3,(H,27,30)(H,31,32)/t15-,16-,17-,18+,19-,20+,21+,22+,25+,26-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
2-[[(4R)-4-[(3R,5R,8R,9S,10S,12S,13R,14S,17R)-3,12-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]pentanoyl]amino]acetic acid
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| Synonyms |
Glycodeoxycholic acid; Glycodeoxycholic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : 125 mg/mL (278.01 mM; with sonication (<60°C))
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (4.63 mM)(Saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution, add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix well; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above system and mix well; then add 450 μL saline to make up to 1 mL. *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (4.63 mM)(Saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution, add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD in saline and mix well. *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (4.63 mM)(Saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution, add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL corn oil and mix well. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.2241 mL | 11.1205 mL | 22.2410 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4448 mL | 2.2241 mL | 4.4482 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2224 mL | 1.1121 mL | 2.2241 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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