Potassium acetate primarily targets electrolyte balance and acid-base homeostasis in the body. Potassium is the major cation inside animal cells, while sodium is the major cation outside animal cells. The concentration differences of these charged particles causes a difference in electric potential between the inside and outside of cells, known as the membrane potential. The balance between potassium and sodium is maintained by ion pumps in the cell membrane. The cell membrane potential created by potassium and sodium ions allows the cell to generate an action potential—a "spike" of electrical discharge. The ability of cells to produce electrical discharge is critical for body functions such as neurotransmission, muscle contraction, and heart function. Potassium is also an essential mineral needed to regulate water balance, blood pressure and levels of acidity. As a competitive and false substrate, potassium acetate inhibits histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC-6), thus reducing the cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses caused by C. difficile toxin A. The compound is used as a urinary and systemic alkalizer.

In vitro, acetic acid potassium 99% is used for DNA and protein purification. It is used to prepare neutralizing solutions for alkaline lysis of bacteria. In biochemical assays, potassium acetate is used as a buffer component and as a source of potassium ions. The compound is used in cell culture media to maintain proper ionic balance and osmotic pressure. As an inhibitor of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC-6), potassium acetate reduces the cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses caused by C. difficile toxin A in vitro. In studies of electrolyte balance, potassium acetate is used to investigate the effects of potassium on cell function and signaling. The compound's role as a food acidity regulator (E261) demonstrates its utility in maintaining pH in various applications. In cell-based assays, potassium acetate is used to study the effects of potassium on cellular processes such as apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation.

In vivo, acetic acid potassium 99% is used to replenish electrolytes and restore water-electrolyte balance. It is used as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. Potassium acetate has potential antihypertensive effects and when taken as a nutritional supplement may prevent hypokalemia. Potassium is essential for nerve conduction, cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle contraction, production of energy, the synthesis of nucleic acids, maintenance of blood pressure and normal renal function. The compound is used to regulate hypokalemia as a primary condition or secondary to other medical conditions. Formerly, it was used in diuretics and expectorants. In veterinary medicine, potassium acetate is also used for similar indications. The compound is absorbed and distributed throughout the body, with excretion occurring mostly in urine but also skin and feces.

In vitro enzyme assays for acetic acid potassium are not typically performed, as the compound is primarily used as a salt for electrolyte balance and as a buffer component. However, the compound can be used in enzymatic assays as a source of potassium ions, which are essential cofactors for many enzymes. For HDAC-6 inhibition assays, potassium acetate is incubated with HDAC-6 enzyme and a peptide substrate, and the deacetylase activity is measured fluorometrically or by mass spectrometry. The inhibition of HDAC-6 activity is calculated from the decrease in deacetylated product formation. In assays of DNA and protein purification, potassium acetate is used to precipitate proteins and nucleic acids. In alkaline lysis of bacteria, potassium acetate is used to neutralize the alkaline solution and precipitate SDS and cellular debris. Typical assay conditions include incubation at 25-37°C in appropriate buffer systems, with reaction products measured by spectrophotometry, fluorometry, or other detection methods.

In vitro cell-based assays for acetic acid potassium are performed using various cell lines to study its effects on cell function and electrolyte balance. Cells are cultured in appropriate medium and treated with potassium acetate at various concentrations (typically 1-100 mM) for 24-72 hours. Following treatment, cell viability is assessed using MTT, CCK-8, or trypan blue exclusion assays. For studies of electrolyte balance, intracellular potassium levels are measured using ion-selective electrodes or by flame photometry. For studies of HDAC-6 inhibition, cells are treated with potassium acetate and the acetylation of HDAC-6 substrates is measured by western blotting. The compound's effects on inflammatory responses are assessed by measuring the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) by ELISA. Each experiment includes appropriate controls (untreated cells, vehicle controls) and is performed in triplicate to ensure statistical reliability. The compound is typically dissolved in water or buffer for use in these assays, due to its high solubility.

In vivo animal experiments with acetic acid potassium are conducted in mouse or rat models of electrolyte imbalance, hypokalemia, or inflammatory conditions. Typically, 8-12 week old rodents are used, and the compound is administered via oral gavage or intravenous injection at doses ranging from 10-100 mg/kg. In models of hypokalemia, potassium acetate is administered to potassium-depleted animals, and serum potassium levels are measured. In models of inflammation, the compound is administered to animals with C. difficile infection or other inflammatory conditions, and markers of inflammation and tissue damage are assessed. Blood samples are collected to measure compound concentrations, electrolyte levels, and biomarkers of efficacy and toxicity. At the end of the experiment, animals are euthanized, and tissues are collected for histopathological examination. All animal procedures are conducted in accordance with institutional animal care and use committee guidelines, with appropriate sample sizes (typically n=6-10 per group) to ensure statistical power. The compound is formulated for administration using appropriate vehicles such as saline or water, in which it is highly soluble. Endpoints include serum potassium levels, inflammatory markers, and histopathological scores.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Primarily through urine, but also through the skin and feces.

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The pharmacokinetic properties of acetic acid potassium are characteristic of a small, highly soluble salt. Following oral or intravenous administration, potassium acetate is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Potassium is the major cation inside animal cells and is essential for numerous physiological processes. The compound is metabolized to acetate and potassium ions, which are utilized in various metabolic pathways. The elimination half-life is determined by the rate of renal excretion and the body's potassium homeostasis. Excretion occurs mostly in urine but also in skin and feces. The pharmacokinetics of potassium acetate may be influenced by renal function, acid-base status, and other factors. As with all research chemicals, appropriate pharmacokinetic studies should be conducted to fully characterize the compound's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Toxicity Summary
It is safe at the current usage and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and usage information can be found at: https://cir-reports.cir-safety.org

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The toxicological profile of acetic acid potassium is generally favorable, as potassium is an essential mineral that is required for normal physiological function. However, excessive potassium intake can lead to hyperkalemia, which can cause cardiac arrhythmias and other serious adverse effects. The compound is classified as a food additive (E261) and is generally recognized as safe at recommended levels. In cell-based assays, potassium acetate has been shown to inhibit HDAC-6 and reduce inflammatory responses without significant cytotoxicity. However, comprehensive toxicology studies including acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity assessments, as well as genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity evaluations, have been conducted for its use as a food additive and pharmaceutical excipient. The compound is approved for use as a pharmaceutical ingredient and as a food additive. Standard safety precautions should be observed when handling the compound, including the use of appropriate personal protective equipment.

[1]. Sokolov BP, et al. Vydelenie vysokomolekuliarnoĭ éukarioticheskoĭ DNK s ispol'zovaniem atsetata kaliia [Isolation of high molecular weight eukaryotic DNA with the use of potassium acetate]. Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol. 1989;(6):45-46.
[2]. Shan G, et al. Purification of total DNA extracted from activated sludge. J Environ Sci (China). 2008;20(1):80-87.

Potassium acetate is a potassium salt composed of equal amounts of potassium and acetate ions. It can be used as an acidity regulator in food. It contains acetate ions. Potassium acetate is the acetate form of potassium, an essential macromineral. Potassium maintains intracellular tension and is essential for nerve conduction, contraction of cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscles, energy production, nucleic acid synthesis, maintaining blood pressure, and normal kidney function. This substance has potential hypotensive effects and may help prevent hypokalemia when taken as a nutritional supplement. Potassium acetate is a potassium salt used to replenish electrolytes, restore electrolyte balance, and act as a alkalizing agent in urine and throughout the body. It can be administered orally or intravenously. Previously, it was used as a diuretic and expectorant. See also: Potassium ions (containing the active portion)... See more...

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Drug Indications
Potassium is used to regulate primary or secondary hypokalemia caused by other diseases.

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Mechanism of Action
Potassium is the major intracellular cation (positive ion) in animal cells, while sodium is the major extracellular cation in animal cells. The concentration difference of these charged particles creates a potential difference between the inside and outside of the cell, called the membrane potential. Ion pumps on the cell membrane maintain the balance between potassium and sodium. The cell membrane potential generated by potassium and sodium ions enables the cell to generate action potentials—a "spiking" discharge. The cell's ability to generate these discharges is crucial for bodily functions such as nerve transmission, muscle contraction, and heart function. Potassium is also an important mineral that helps regulate the body's water balance, blood pressure, and pH levels.

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Acetic acid potassium 99% (potassium acetate) is a valuable compound for research in electrolyte balance, biochemistry, and molecular biology. It is used to replenish electrolytes and restore water-electrolyte balance. Acetic acid potassium 99% can be used for DNA and protein purification and is used to prepare neutralizing solutions for alkaline lysis of bacteria. The compound has a role as a food acidity regulator (E261). Potassium acetate is the acetate salt form of potassium, an essential macromineral. It has potential antihypertensive effects and when taken as a nutritional supplement may prevent hypokalemia. A potassium salt used to replenish electrolytes, for restoration of water-electrolyte balance, as well as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. The compound is approved for use as a pharmaceutical ingredient and as a food additive. Its role as a source of potassium and as a buffer makes it an essential tool for various research applications.

C2H3KO2

98.14

97.977

127-08-2

Acetic acid magnesium tetrahydrate;16674-78-5

517044

White to off-white solid powder

1.57 g/cm3 at 25 °C(lit.)

117.1ºC at 760 mmHg

292 °C ; 309 °C

40ºC

13.9mmHg at 25°C

n20/D 1.370

0

2

0

5

34.6

0

CC(=O)[O-].[K+]

SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M

InChI=1S/C2H4O2.K/c1-2(3)4;/h1H3,(H,3,4);/q;+1/p-1

potassium;acetate

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O: 100 mg/mL (1018.95 mM)
DMSO: < 1 mg/mL

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)