| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Succinic-2,2,3,3-d4 acid targets the TCA cycle and metabolic pathways involving succinate. Succinic acid acts as a substrate for succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) in the electron transport chain and is a key intermediate in cellular respiration and energy production. The compound is used to study mitochondrial function and metabolic flux.
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| ln Vitro |
Drug compounds have included stable heavy isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements, mostly as quantitative tracers while the drugs were being developed. Because deuteration may have an effect on a drug's pharmacokinetics and metabolic properties, it is a cause for concern [1].
In vitro, succinic acid is used to study mitochondrial respiration and TCA cycle activity. The deuterated form serves as a tracer to monitor succinate metabolism in cell lysates or isolated mitochondria. Succinate stimulates oxygen consumption in mitochondria via complex II. The compound's activity is assessed by measuring succinate-dependent respiration using oxygen electrodes or Seahorse analyzers. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, succinic acid participates in the TCA cycle and contributes to cellular energy production. The deuterated form is used in metabolic tracing studies to investigate succinate metabolism in animal models. It is particularly useful in studying metabolic disorders related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Succinic-2,2,3,3-d4 acid is essential in pharmaceutical research for insights into cellular respiration and energy production.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for succinate dehydrogenase involve incubating the enzyme with succinic-2,2,3,3-d4 acid in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. Enzyme activity is measured spectrophotometrically by following the reduction of DCPIP or the production of fumarate. The deuterated substrate allows for precise quantification of reaction products by LC-MS/MS. Kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax) are determined by varying substrate concentrations. The assay is typically performed at 25-37°C.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell assays, cells are cultured in medium supplemented with succinic-2,2,3,3-d4 acid at concentrations of 0.1-10 mM. Cellular succinate levels and metabolic flux are analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Mitochondrial respiration is assessed by measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR) using Seahorse analyzers. The compound's effects on TCA cycle activity and energy production are evaluated by quantifying TCA cycle intermediates and ATP levels.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal studies, succinic-2,2,3,3-d4 acid is administered to rodents via oral gavage or intravenous injection at doses of 10-100 mg/kg. Blood and tissue samples are collected at various time points for pharmacokinetic analysis. Succinate levels in plasma, liver, and muscle are quantified by LC-MS/MS using the deuterated compound as an internal standard. Metabolic flux analysis traces the incorporation of deuterium into TCA cycle intermediates.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Succinic-2,2,3,3-d4 acid has a molecular weight of 122.11. It is soluble in DMSO and water. The compound is stable as a powder at -20°C for 3 years and at 4°C for 2 years, and in solvent at -80°C for 6 months. It has a logP of -0.59 and a melting point of 187-190°C. The deuterium labeling provides a +4 Da mass shift for MS detection.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Succinic acid is generally recognized as safe at physiological concentrations. The deuterated form is not expected to exhibit additional toxicity. The compound is for research use only, not for human therapeutic applications. No specific toxicity data are available for the deuterated analog; safety profiles are extrapolated from succinic acid, which is an endogenous metabolite with low toxicity.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Succinic acid-d4 is a deuterated compound, formed by replacing the four methylene hydrogen atoms of succinic acid with deuterium atoms. It is a deuterated compound, and also an α,ω-dicarboxylic acid and a C4-dicarboxylic acid.
Succinic-2,2,3,3-d4 acid (CAS# 14493-42-6) is a stable isotope-labeled compound used primarily as an analytical internal standard in metabolomics and pharmaceutical research. It has not been investigated in clinical trials nor approved as a therapeutic drug. The compound is widely used in studies of the TCA cycle, mitochondrial function, and metabolic disorders. Deuteration enables precise quantification of succinic acid in complex biological matrices. |
| Molecular Formula |
C4H2D4O4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
122.11
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| Exact Mass |
122.051
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| CAS # |
14493-42-6
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| Related CAS # |
Succinic acid;110-15-6
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| PubChem CID |
12998487
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
236.1±13.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
187-190ºC(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
110.9±16.3 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.0 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.478
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| LogP |
-0.59
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
8
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| Complexity |
92.6
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
[2H]C([2H])(C(=O)O)C([2H])([2H])C(=O)O
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| InChi Key |
KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-LNLMKGTHSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/i1D2,2D2
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| Chemical Name |
2,2,3,3-tetradeuteriobutanedioic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 8.1893 mL | 40.9467 mL | 81.8934 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.6379 mL | 8.1893 mL | 16.3787 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.8189 mL | 4.0947 mL | 8.1893 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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